scholarly journals Fetal growth outcomes following peri-implantation exposure of Long-Evans rats to noise and ozone differ by sex

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette N. Miller ◽  
Urmila P. Kodavanti ◽  
Erica J. Stewart ◽  
Mette C. Schladweiler ◽  
Judy H. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Arterial Resistance ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background Exposure to air pollution and high levels of noise have both been independently associated with the development of adverse pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight. However, exposure to such environmental stressors rarely occurs in isolation and is often co-localized, especially in large urban areas. Methods The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined exposure to noise (N) or ozone (O3), compared to either exposure alone. Long-Evans dams were exposed to air or 0.4 ppm ozone for 4 h on gestation day (GD) 5 and 6, coinciding with implantation receptivity. A subset of dams from each exposure group was further exposed to intermittent white noise (~ 85 dB) throughout the dark cycle following each inhalation exposure (n = 14 − 16/group). Uterine artery ultrasound was performed on GD 15 and 21. Fetal growth characteristics and indicators of placental nutrient status were measured at GD 21. Results Exposure to ozone + quiet (O3 + Q) conditions reduced uterine arterial resistance at GD 15 compared to air + quiet (A + Q) exposure, with no further reduction by GD 21. By contrast, exposure to air + noise (A + N) significantly increased uterine arterial resistance at both GD 15 and 21. Notably, while peri-implantation exposure to O3 + Q conditions reduced male fetal weight at GD 21, this effect was not observed in the air + noise (A + N) or the ozone + noise (O3 + N) exposure groups. Fetal weight in female offspring was not reduced by ozone exposure alone (O3 + Q), nor was it affected by air + noise (A + N) or by combined ozone + noise (O3 + N) exposure. Conclusions These data indicate that exposure to ozone and noise differentially impact uterine blood flow, particularly at mid-gestation, with only ozone exposure being associated with sex-dependent fetal growth retardation in male offspring.

101 PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT IN A BOVINE HETEROSIS MODEL

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fitzsimmons ◽  
Z. Kruk ◽  
D. Lines ◽  
C. Roberts ◽  
S. Hiendleder
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Reciprocal Cross ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Placental Development

Heterosis or hybrid vigor is a biological phenomenon referring to the phenotypic superiority of hybrids over their parents. Despite its economic importance, the mechanisms of heterosis are still poorly understood. Reciprocal cross Brahman (B) � Angus (A) calves display significant heterosis in birth weight, but this effect is almost entirely due to the dramatic fetal overgrowth observed in Brahman male � Angus female offspring. The reciprocal is much less affected and similar to purebred Brahman calves (Brown et al. 1993 J. Anim. Sci. 71, 3273–3279). We have generated a defined A � A (n = 20), B � A (n = 21), A � B (n = 13), and B � B (n = 15; male parent listed first) day 153 (term = 280) fetal/placental resource from artificially inseminated, estrous cycle synchronized heifers to identify components and mechanisms of heterotic fetal growth regulation. An ANOVA showed that full uterus weight (P < 0.001), fetal weight (P = 0.01), umbilical cord length (P = 0.003) and weight (P = 0.04), placenta fetalis weight (P < 0.001), total caruncle weight (P = 0.002), empty uterus weight (P < 0.001), and combined amniotic/allantoic fluid weight (P < 0.001) were significantly affected by the 4 genetic groups after adjustment for fetal sex and dam weight where required. The weight of reciprocal hybrid fetuses was intermediate to the purebred fetuses and thus did not display heterosis defined as the difference between reciprocal cross and parental means. Full uterus weight and combined amniotic/allantoic fluid weight, in contrast, displayed heterosis of 6.6% (P = 0.02) and 9.0% (P = 0.01). As in neonate calves, the heterosis effects were due to the B � A group. The t-tests demonstrated that full uterus weight in B � A was significantly greater (19.84 � 0.43 kg) than in A � B (16.23 � 0.47 kg; P < 0.001), A � A (17.41 � 0.35 kg; P < 0.001), and B � B (16.76 � 0.49 kg; P = 0.001) crosses. Combined amniotic/allantoic fluids were 12.58 � 0.31 kg in B � A as compared to 10.93 � 0.39 kg in A � B (P = 0.001), 10.75 � 0.29 kg in A � A (P < 0.001), and 11.48 � 0.36 kg in B � B (P = 0.02) crosses. We found similar superiority of the B � A group for parameters that did not fulfil the formal heterosis criterion. These include umbilical cord, placenta fetalis, empty uterus, and total caruncle weights. All but 1 of these (combined amniotic/allantoic fluid weight) were significantly correlated (r = 0.43–0.70; P < 0.001) with fetal weight. We conclude that massive changes in placental parameters underly and precede the heterosis effects in birth weight observed in Brahman � Angus crosses. Although formally designated heterosis, placental and fetal overgrowth is present in only 1 of the hybrids (B � A). This natural overgrowth phenotype is clearly distinct from the early onset overgrowth phenotypes observed after IVF and nuclear transfer cloning (Hiendleder et al. 2004 Biol. Reprod. 71, 217–223) and will be useful in the dissection of factors contributing to fetal growth and development.

scholarly journals Swedish intrauterine growth reference ranges for estimated fetal weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lindström ◽  
Mårten Ageheim ◽  
Ove Axelsson ◽  
Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb ◽  
Alkistis Skalkidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Hierarchical Regression Model ◽  
Gestational Week ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Estimate Fetal Weight ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

AbstractFetal growth restriction is a strong risk factor for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Reliable standards are indispensable, both to assess fetal growth and to evaluate birthweight and early postnatal growth in infants born preterm. The aim of this study was to create updated Swedish reference ranges for estimated fetal weight (EFW) from gestational week 12–42. This prospective longitudinal multicentre study included 583 women without known conditions causing aberrant fetal growth. Each woman was assigned a randomly selected protocol of five ultrasound scans from gestational week 12 + 3 to 41 + 6. Hadlock’s 3rd formula was used to estimate fetal weight. A two-level hierarchical regression model was employed to calculate the expected median and variance, expressed in standard deviations and percentiles, for EFW. EFW was higher for males than females. The reference ranges were compared with the presently used Swedish, and international reference ranges. Our reference ranges had higher EFW than the presently used Swedish reference ranges from gestational week 33, and higher median, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles from gestational week 24 compared with INTERGROWTH-21st. The new reference ranges can be used both for assessment of intrauterine fetal weight and growth, and early postnatal growth in children born preterm.

DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SELECTIVE FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION IN MONOCHORIONIC TWINS

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDUARD GRATACÓS ◽  
ELISENDA EIXARCH ◽  
FATIMA CRISPI
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Monochorionic Twins ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight ◽  
Simple Definition

Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) has been reported to occur in about 10–15% of monochorionic (MC) twins. The diagnosis of sFGR has been based on variable criteria including estimated fetal weight (EFW), abdominal circumference and/or the degree of fetal weight discordance. Recent studies tend to use a simple definition which includes the presence of an EFW less than the 10th percentile in the smaller twin. Some would argue that the intertwin fetal weight discordance should be included in the definition. Indeed this factor plays a major role in the complications presented by these cases. While the majority of cases with one fetus below the 10th percentile usually will also present with a large intertwin EFW discordance, the contrary is not always true. Thus, it is possible to find MC twins with remarkable intertwin EFW discordance but the EFW of both fetuses are still within normal ranges. Although it appears to be common sense that a large intertwin discrepancy might represent a higher risk for some of the complications described later in this review, there is no consistent evidence to support this notion. Therefore, due to its simplicity, a definition based on an EFW below 10th percentile in one twin is probably the most useful for clinical and research purposes.

scholarly journals Thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcome – A confounded problem!

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (01) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nard G Janssen ◽  
Jakoba J Kalk ◽  
William M Hague ◽  
Gustaaf A Dekker ◽  
Willem J Kist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Abruptio Placentae ◽  
Recurrent Fetal Loss ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

SummaryIt was the objective of this study to analyse the influence of confounders, such as ethnicity, severity of illness and method of testing, in articles concerning the still moot relationship of thrombophilias to adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). Relevant casecontrol studies were identified using Medline and EMBASE databases between 1966 and 2006. Search terms were recurrent fetal loss, intrauterine fetal death, preeclampsia, HELLP-syndrome, eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, abruptio placentae, combined with maternal thrombophilias. Data was extracted from the articles per subgroup ofAPO regardless of confounder. These subgroups were tested if they fulfilled the heterogeneity testing criterion (I2 > 35%) to weigh the influence of the confounder. Confounders were selected and examined with Mantel- Haenszel method. Increased thrombophilia prevalence was confirmed in most adverse pregnancy outcomes. Ethnicity, genetic testing only and severity of illness were confounders in the various forms of APO. Stronger relationships between factor V Leiden and severity of disease were found in 2nd and 3rd trimester than 1st trimester recurrent fetal loss, in preeclampsia with: blood pressure ≥160/110 mmHg than ≥140/90 mmHg; proteinuria ≥5 grams per day than < 5 grams; onset before than after 28 weeks, in fetal growth restriction <3rd percentile than <5th, than <10th, and in earlier occurrence of abruptio placentae than 3rd trimester. In conclusion, reports on the prevalence of maternal thrombophilias and APO are influenced by various confounders, which are not always appropriately analysed. The differences we have identified reflect the differential impact of these confounders. These data emphasise the importance of more uniform research.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Mouse Sperm Impairs Embryo Development, Fetal Growth and Alters Adiposity and Glucose Regulation in Female Offspring

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e100832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Lane ◽  
Nicole O. McPherson ◽  
Tod Fullston ◽  
Marni Spillane ◽  
Lauren Sandeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Glucose Regulation ◽  
Mouse Sperm

scholarly journals Association between neighbourhood deprivation, fetal growth, small-for-gestational age and preterm birth: a population-based prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e049075
Author(s):  
Dionne V Gootjes ◽  
Anke G Posthumus ◽  
Vincent W V Jaddoe ◽  
Eric A P Steegers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo study the associations between neighbourhood deprivation and fetal growth, including growth in the first trimester, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe Netherlands, Rotterdam.Participants8617 live singleton births from the Generation R cohort study.ExpositionLiving in a deprived neighbourhood.Main outcome measuresFetal growth trajectories of head circumference, weight and length.Secondary outcomes measuresSmall-for-gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth (PTB).ResultsNeighbourhood deprivation was not associated with first trimester growth. However, a higher neighbourhood status score (less deprivation) was associated with increased fetal growth in the second and third trimesters (eg, estimated fetal weight; adjusted regression coefficient 0.04, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.06). Less deprivation was also associated with decreased odds of SGA (adjusted OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.97, p=0.01) and PTB (adjusted OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.96, p=0.01).ConclusionsWe found an association between neighbourhood deprivation and fetal growth in the second and third trimester pregnancy, but not with first trimester growth. Less neighbourhood deprivation is associated with lower odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The associations remained after adjustment for individual-level risk factors. This supports the hypothesis that living in a deprived neighbourhood acts as an independent risk factor for fetal growth and adverse pregnancy outcomes, above and beyond individual risk factors.

scholarly journals Distributions of Human Exposure to Ozone During Commuting Hours in Connecticut Using the Cellular Device Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-73
Author(s):  
Owais Gilani ◽  
Simon Urbanek ◽  
Michael J. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Epidemiologic studies have established associations between various air pollutants and adverse health outcomes for adults and children. Due to high costs of monitoring air pollutant concentrations for subjects enrolled in a study, statisticians predict exposure concentrations from spatial models that are developed using concentrations monitored at a few sites. In the absence of detailed information on when and where subjects move during the study window, researchers typically assume that the subjects spend their entire day at home, school, or work. This assumption can potentially lead to large exposure assignment bias. In this study, we aim to determine the distribution of the exposure assignment bias for an air pollutant (ozone) when subjects are assumed to be static as compared to accounting for individual mobility. To achieve this goal, we use cell-phone mobility data on approximately 400,000 users in the state of Connecticut, USA during a week in July 2016, in conjunction with an ozone pollution model, and compare individual ozone exposure assuming static versus mobile scenarios. Our results show that exposure models not taking mobility into account often provide poor estimates of individuals commuting into and out of urban areas: the average 8-h maximum difference between these estimates can exceed 80 parts per billion (ppb). However, for most of the population, the difference in exposure assignment between the two models is small, thereby validating many current epidemiologic studies focusing on exposure to ozone. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.

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