scholarly journals Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Barlow ◽  
Gabriela Leite ◽  
Anna E. Romano ◽  
Rashin Sedighi ◽  
Christine Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Absolute Abundance ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract Background Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and abdominal pain afflict between 12 and 30% of the worldwide population and research suggests these conditions are linked to the gut microbiome. Although large-intestine microbiota have been linked to several GI diseases, the microbiota of the human small intestine and its relation to human disease has been understudied. The small intestine is the major site for immune surveillance in the gut, and compared with the large intestine, it has greater than 100 times the surface area and a thinner and more permeable mucus layer. Results Using quantitative sequencing, we evaluated total and taxon-specific absolute microbial loads from 250 duodenal-aspirate samples and 21 paired duodenum-saliva samples from participants in the REIMAGINE study. Log-transformed total microbial loads spanned 5 logs and were normally distributed. Paired saliva-duodenum samples suggested potential transmission of oral microbes to the duodenum, including organisms from the HACEK group. Several taxa, including Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterococcus, and Clostridium, seemed to displace strict anaerobes common in the duodenum, so we refer to these taxa as disruptors. Disruptor taxa were enriched in samples with high total microbial loads and in individuals with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Absolute loads of disruptors were associated with more severe GI symptoms, highlighting the value of absolute taxon quantification when studying small-intestine health and function. Conclusion This study provides the largest dataset of the absolute abundance of microbiota from the human duodenum to date. The results reveal a clear relationship between the oral microbiota and the duodenal microbiota and suggest an association between the absolute abundance of disruptor taxa, SIBO, and the prevalence of severe GI symptoms.

scholarly journals INTESTINAL MECHANISMS OF ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION DISTURBANCE OF BILE ACIDS IN CHOLELITHIASIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. M. Vakhrushev ◽  
A. P. Lukashevich ◽  
A. Yu. Gorbunov ◽  
I. A. Penkina
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Biochemical Examination

Background: Cholelithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the digestive system which affects all segments of the population and preserves a stable growth of incidence rates. In recent years the development of cholelithiasis is associated with impaired enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids (BA). The small intestine (SI) plays an important part in EHC of BA because 80‒90% of BA are absorbed into the blood after deconjugation by bacteria in the SI. However, in spite of a number of works dealing with the problem of EHC of BA at the intestinal level, the problem is far from being solved. Aims: To assess the association between the level of bile acids in the blood and bile of patients with cholelithiasis and disturbance of resorbing function of the small intestine as well as changes in the condition of the intestinal microbiota. Materials and methods: Non-randomized controlled trial. The study group included patients aged 18‒74 with lithogenic stage of cholelithiasis. The diagnosis was based on clinical data and the results of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Bile acids in the blood and bile were determined by mass spectrometry using the apparatus AmazonX (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). Biochemical examination of bile was conducted. Absorption in the small intestine was studied by functional glucose tolerance test. Condition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed by the hydrogen breath test with lactulose using the apparatus LaktofaH2 (AMA, St. Petersburg). Stool culture was performed in selective media. Results: 115 patients aged 18 to 74 with prestone stage of cholelithiasis and 25 healthy people, comparable in age and sex, were examined. In patients with prestone stage of cholelithiasis biochemical examination of bile revealed increased cholesterol and decreased bile acids and bile acids-cholesterol ratio in B and C bile. The level of bile acids in the blood was reduced in comparison with the control group; it was associated in particular with a significant reduction in chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and glycodeoxycholic acids. Resorption in the small intestine was increased in patients with cholelithiasis compared with the control group (blood glucose increase within 30 minutes after the glucose load was 3.13±0.17 and 2.32±0.11 mmol/l respectively; p0.05). In the majority of patients small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), mainly (75% of patients) associated with ileocecal insufficiency, and dysbiosis in the large intestine were established (88 and 100% of patients respectively). Conclusions: The small intestine is an important component in disturbance of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Significant changes in deconjugation of bile acids occur due to SIBO in the distal ileum and dysbiosis in the large intestine, thus disturbings the proportion of fractions of bile acids in the blood and bile.

scholarly journals Assessment of visceral organ growth in pigs from birth through 150 kg

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K Elefson ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Tyler Chevalier ◽  
Shannon Dierking ◽  
Ding Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Relative Measurements ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Abstract Visceral organs (VO) are essential for their role in the metabolism and distribution of consumed nutrients as well as other life functions in animals. Two experiments were conducted to assess the natural longitudinal changes that the VO undergo from birth through 150 kg body weight (BW). In Experiment 1, a total of 96 crossbred pigs were euthanized at birth (pre-suckle), d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 (weaning), 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 42, 49, and 63 of age. In Experiment 2, a total of 48 crossbred pigs were euthanized at 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg of BW. The absolute weight of VO, and the volume and length of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were measured. In both experiments, the absolute weight of VO, GIT length, and their volume increased (linear, quadratic, and/or cubic, P < 0.05) as BW and age increased. In Experiment 1, the relative weight of VO (liver, kidney, heart, and lung) decreased after initially increasing within the first week of life (linear, quadratic, and/or cubic, P < 0.05), whereas the relative weight of all VO decreased as BW increased in Experiment 2 (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05). The relative length of small intestine decreased and that of large intestine increased as age increased in Experiment 1 (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), whereas the relative length of the small and large intestine in Experiment 2 were relatively constant at 80% and 20% of the total length of the intestine, respectively. As age and BW increased, the relative volume of the large intestine to the total volume of the GIT increased (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05), while the relative volume of the small intestine decreased (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05). In conclusion, results showed that both absolute and relative measurements (weight, volume, and length) of VO were dependent on the BW (age) of the pig.

Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine

2020 ◽  
pp. 2879-2883
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Middleton ◽  
Raymond J. Playford
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Motor Abnormalities ◽  
Immunological Deficiency

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth can be defined as the presence of excessive bacteria in the small intestine which can interfere with digestion and absorption. Predisposing causes include sustained hypochlorhydria induced by proton pump inhibitors, small intestinal dysmotility and stasis due to anatomical or motor abnormalities, and reduced antibacterial activity as seen in immunological deficiency and chronic pancreatitis. Presentation is predominantly from consequences of malabsorption, including gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. diarrhoea or steatorrhoea) and features of specific nutrient malabsorption (e.g. osteoporosis, anaemia, neuropathy, and night blindness). Definitive diagnosis is difficult, requiring a properly collected and appropriately cultured aspirate from the proximal small intestine revealing a total concentration of a mixed growth of bacteria generally greater than 105 organisms/ml. Alternative investigations frequently used include glucose/lactulose breath tests or either the 13C- or 14C-xylose breath test, with elevated levels of 13CO2 or 14CO2 found in the breath. There may be low levels of cobalamin (metabolized by Gram-negative anaerobes), increased serum folate (synthesized by overgrowth flora), and increased urinary indicans (intraluminal product of bacterial tryptophan metabolism). Aside from treatment of any nutritional deficiencies, specific treatment is with an antimicrobial that is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic enteric bacteria (e.g. doxycycline, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, rifaximin, or ciprofloxacin), which can be administered in rotation to reduce antibiotic resistance. Where possible and appropriate, correction of any underlying cause should also be performed.

The oral cavity micro-biocenosis in case of desquamative glossitis associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
О. А. Uspenskaya ◽  
Е. А. Schevchenko ◽  
N. V. Kazarina ◽  
M. V. Legostaeva
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Tests

Relevance of the research topic. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is one of the major factors in the development and persistence of digestive diseases and associated non-digestive disorders. The human gastrointestinal tract microbiota of different biotypes features a community of microorganisms with complex interrelationships. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system and most easily accessible organ for specimen collection. Assessment of the oral mucosal surface works as a diagnostic test reflecting a somatic pathogenesis at its earliest stages. A hydrogen breath test is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for SIBO. The test entails measuring the hydrogen concentration in the exhaled air which is the metabolite of a quantitatively and qualitatively changed intestinal microflora. Small intestinal microbiota imbalance triggers the impairment of other gastrointestinal tract organs. It can cause oral, upper respiratory and gut tract microbial dysbiosis.Purpose. The main concern of this study is to explore the oral microbiota of patients with desquamative glossitis coupled with SIBO.Methods and materials. Clinical studies of 36 patients with desquamative glossitis and varying degrees of severity of SIBO generated data for this research. The comparison group comprised 12 persons with desquamative glossitis not paired by SIBO. The generated data was juxtaposed to normal reference values of the oral microbiota biocenosis. SIBO was diagnosed through hydrogen breath monitoring provided by the Gastro+Gastroliyser (BEDFONT) system while oral microflora was assessed based on culture tests.Results. The research showed that patients with more severe SIBO and desquamative glossitis manifest a more apparent oral dysbiosis with a simultaneous decrease of normal bacteria and an increase in the amount of conditionally pathogenic bacteria. However, patients who have desquamative glossitis but do not suffer from SIBO tend to show a stable normal microbial flora and a growth of conditionally pathogenic bacteria.Summary. The research revealed that the deranged oral microbiota of patients with desquamative glossitis vary in its degree depending on the severity of SIBO as shown by hydrogen breath tests.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal consequences of cancer treatment: evaluation of 10 years’ experience at a tertiary UK centre

2020 ◽  
pp. flgastro-2020-101430
Author(s):  
Radha Gadhok ◽  
Emma Paulon ◽  
Chehkuan Tai ◽  
Tomisin Olushola ◽  
John Barragry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Colonic Polyps ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Bile Acid Malabsorption ◽  
Gi Symptoms

ObjectiveUp to 90% of patients treated for pelvic cancers experience chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. This study characterises this patient cohort at a single centre, addressing a paucity of publications reporting ‘real-world’ experiences.MethodOutpatient referrals, from oncology to the gastroenterology and nutrition services, at a tertiary London hospital from 2006 to 2016, were retrospectively identified. Patient characteristics, reported symptoms, investigations, diagnoses, response to therapeutics and follow-up were recorded.ResultsOf 269 patients referred, 81% were within the latter 5 years. A total of 260 patients had diagnoses of pelvic cancers (prostatic (52%), cervical (19%) and endometrial (19%)). Among 247 treated with radiotherapy, the median time from radiotherapy to symptom onset was 8 months. Common symptoms were rectal bleeding (51%), diarrhoea (32%), faecal urgency (19%) and pain (19%). Patients underwent a median of three investigations including lower GI endoscopy (86%), thyroid function tests (33%) and glucose hydrogen breath test (30%). Diagnoses included radiation proctopathy (39%), colonic polyps (16%), pelvic floor dysfunction (12%), bile acid malabsorption (BAM) (8%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (8%), vitamin D deficiency (7%) and iron deficiency (7%). Among 164 discharged patients, the time to discharge was 7 months, after a median of two appointments.ConclusionsThis unique patient group reports a complex mix of symptoms and requires specialist review and consideration of often uninvestigated diagnoses (pelvic dysfunction, BAM, SIBO and nutritional deficiencies). Such patients are often overlooked, compared with those suffering many other chronic GI disorders. Further reports from non-dedicated centres treating patients with pelvic radiation disease will aid in understanding of secondary GI diagnoses and variation in practice.

scholarly journals Specific features of impaired intestinal digestion, absorption, and microbiocenosis in patients with cholelithiasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya M Vakhrushev ◽  
А Р Lukashevich
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Small Intestinal

Aim. To perform a comprehensive study of intestinal digestion, absorption, and microbiocenosis in various stages of cholelithiasis (CL). Subjects and methods. A total of 76 patients with of CL, including 44 patients with its Stage I and 32 patients with Stage II, were examined. Mono-, di - and polysaccharide load tests and a scatological study were performed to evaluate the processes of digestion and absorption in the intestine. The hydrogen breath test using lactulose was carried out to study small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The state of colon microbiocenosis was determined by plating feces onto various selective nutrient media. Results. All digestive process stages in the small intestine were noted to be impaired in CL. In Stage I CL, cavitary digestion was mainly impaired; in Stage II, all digestive and absorptive processes were abnormal. Scatological examination in patients with Stage I CL revealed steatorrhea in 79.5%, creatorrhea in 75%, and amylorrhea in 36.4%. In Stage II CL, digestive and absorptive disorders progressed. SIBO was detected in 68.5% whereas in 70% of cases, it was located in the distal small intestine in the presence of insufficiency of the ileocecal sphincter apparatus. A regularity was found between the severity of SIBO and impaired small intestinal cavitary digestion. SIBO was more common in the pre-gallstone stage of CL than in its gallstone stage. Dysbiosis of the colon was detected in 100% of the examined patients with CL; moreover, as the latter progressed, dysbiosis worsened. Conclusion. There is new information about impaired intestinal digestion and microbiocenosis in patients with CL.

scholarly journals The role of a combined probiotic in the treatment of lactase deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
Irina N. Ruchkina ◽  
Nina A. Fadeeva
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Lactase Deficiency ◽  
Intestine Mucosa

Aim. To study the effectiveness of the combined probiotic Bifiform and the enzyme lactase in the treatment of secondary lactase deficiency (SLD). Materials and methods. We examined 79 patients with SLD, isolated from the group of patients with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with a predominance of diarrhea. The age of patients reached 273.5 years, women predominated by gender 62%. Diagnosis of SLD was carried out in biopsies of the small intestine mucosa using a color rapid test. To diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) all patients underwent lactulose breath test (LBT) during 2 hours by gas analyzer. All patients with lactase deficiency (LD) were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included 54/79 patients who received the combined probiotic Bifiform (1 capsule per day), group 2 was treated with the enzyme lactase [1 capsule (3450 ME) 3 times a day]. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated by the dynamics of clinical symptoms, indicators of LBT and the detection of hypolactasia in biopsies of the small intestine mucosa twice, before and 2 weeks after treatment. Results. In the group of patients with LD, as a result of 14-day therapy with the combined probiotic Bifiform, 85.2% showed positive clinical dynamics, the values of SIBO in the small intestine decreased from 5814 to 219 ppm, p0.05, and the activity of the lactase enzyme was completely restored. In 14.8% of patients, LD was preserved against the background of persistent SIBO. In the second group of 25 patients, 84% of patients did not achieve a positive dynamics of the disease as a result of taking the lactase enzyme, and hypolactasia and changes in the lumen microflora of the small intestine were preserved after repeated examination of small intestine biopsies. Recovery of the activity of the lactase enzyme was observed in a small percentage of patients, which was 16%. Conclusion. In 85.2% of patients, as a result of therapy with the combined probiotic Bifiform, the activity of the lactase enzyme was restored, due to the suppression of bacterial contamination in the lumen of the small intestine. Replacement therapy with the enzyme lactase only led to remission of LN in 14.2%, while in the majority 85.8% hypolactasia and SIBO remained. Pathogenetic therapy of LN in the adult population includes the appointment of a combined probiotic Bifiform 1 capsule 3 times a day, a course of at least 14 days. As a symptomatic therapy for LN, replacement therapy with the enzyme lactase can be prescribed.

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy of amino acid absorption and transport by the small intestine: inhibition by chemical poisons and correlation to the elemental composition of the epithelial cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Transport Studies

The elemental composition of amino acids is similar to that of the major structural components of the epithelial cells of the small intestine and other tissues. Therefore, their subcellular localization and concentration measurements are not possible by x-ray microanalysis. Radioactive isotope labeling: I131-tyrosine, Se75-methionine and S35-methionine have been successfully employed in numerous absorption and transport studies. The latter two have been utilized both in vitro and vivo, with similar results in the hamster and human small intestine. Non-radioactive Selenomethionine, since its absorption/transport behavior is assumed to be the same as that of Se75- methionine and S75-methionine could serve as a compound tracer for this amino acid.

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