scholarly journals Assessment of visceral organ growth in pigs from birth through 150 kg

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K Elefson ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Tyler Chevalier ◽  
Shannon Dierking ◽  
Ding Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Relative Measurements ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Abstract Visceral organs (VO) are essential for their role in the metabolism and distribution of consumed nutrients as well as other life functions in animals. Two experiments were conducted to assess the natural longitudinal changes that the VO undergo from birth through 150 kg body weight (BW). In Experiment 1, a total of 96 crossbred pigs were euthanized at birth (pre-suckle), d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 (weaning), 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 42, 49, and 63 of age. In Experiment 2, a total of 48 crossbred pigs were euthanized at 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg of BW. The absolute weight of VO, and the volume and length of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were measured. In both experiments, the absolute weight of VO, GIT length, and their volume increased (linear, quadratic, and/or cubic, P < 0.05) as BW and age increased. In Experiment 1, the relative weight of VO (liver, kidney, heart, and lung) decreased after initially increasing within the first week of life (linear, quadratic, and/or cubic, P < 0.05), whereas the relative weight of all VO decreased as BW increased in Experiment 2 (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05). The relative length of small intestine decreased and that of large intestine increased as age increased in Experiment 1 (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), whereas the relative length of the small and large intestine in Experiment 2 were relatively constant at 80% and 20% of the total length of the intestine, respectively. As age and BW increased, the relative volume of the large intestine to the total volume of the GIT increased (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05), while the relative volume of the small intestine decreased (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05). In conclusion, results showed that both absolute and relative measurements (weight, volume, and length) of VO were dependent on the BW (age) of the pig.

Effects of Oral Chlortetracycline on Diarrhea and on the Dry Weights of Cleaned Intestinal Organs in Rats Fed Two Different Diets

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Wing-Tsit Lee ◽  
Jessie Fischer Moinuddin
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Gut Length

Feeding chlortetracycline in the diet reduced the total number of fecal discharges both in rats fed a basal cornstarch diet and in rats fed a 25% lactose diet. Diarrhea occurred in many of the lactose-fed rats during the first 2 weeks, but neither the ratio of diarrheal discharges to total discharges nor recovery from the diarrhea was affected by chlortetracycline. Chlortetracycline did not significantly alter the absolute weight of the small intestine or of the colon plus rectum in rats fed either diet. However, it decreased the small intestine weight:body weight ratio in the lactose-fed rats and decreased the colon plus rectum weight:body weight ratio in rats fed both diets. It increased the absolute and relative weights of the cecum in the cornstarch-fed rats, but did not affect the enlarged cecum in the lactose-fed rats. The small gut length was not altered by chlortetracycline, but the length was increased by the lactose diet (with or without chlortetracycline) compared to the cornstarch diet without chlortetracycline.

THYROID FUNCTION AND ADRENAL WEIGHT IN THE RABBIT

1958 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. BROWN-GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Young Adult Male ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute

SUMMARY Young adult male rabbits were thyroidectomized or treated with methylthiouracil and adrenal weights determined after 3 or 6 weeks. No significant changes were seen following thyroidectomy. After 3 weeks of methylthiouracil treatment the mean absolute weight of the adrenal glands, but not the relative weight, was reduced. After 6 weeks both the absolute and relative weights were increased above the control levels, but the differences were not statistically significant. The results are compared with those obtained by other workers for rabbits and for other species.

scholarly journals Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Barlow ◽  
Gabriela Leite ◽  
Anna E. Romano ◽  
Rashin Sedighi ◽  
Christine Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Absolute Abundance ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract Background Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and abdominal pain afflict between 12 and 30% of the worldwide population and research suggests these conditions are linked to the gut microbiome. Although large-intestine microbiota have been linked to several GI diseases, the microbiota of the human small intestine and its relation to human disease has been understudied. The small intestine is the major site for immune surveillance in the gut, and compared with the large intestine, it has greater than 100 times the surface area and a thinner and more permeable mucus layer. Results Using quantitative sequencing, we evaluated total and taxon-specific absolute microbial loads from 250 duodenal-aspirate samples and 21 paired duodenum-saliva samples from participants in the REIMAGINE study. Log-transformed total microbial loads spanned 5 logs and were normally distributed. Paired saliva-duodenum samples suggested potential transmission of oral microbes to the duodenum, including organisms from the HACEK group. Several taxa, including Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterococcus, and Clostridium, seemed to displace strict anaerobes common in the duodenum, so we refer to these taxa as disruptors. Disruptor taxa were enriched in samples with high total microbial loads and in individuals with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Absolute loads of disruptors were associated with more severe GI symptoms, highlighting the value of absolute taxon quantification when studying small-intestine health and function. Conclusion This study provides the largest dataset of the absolute abundance of microbiota from the human duodenum to date. The results reveal a clear relationship between the oral microbiota and the duodenal microbiota and suggest an association between the absolute abundance of disruptor taxa, SIBO, and the prevalence of severe GI symptoms.

scholarly journals GROSS MORPHOMETRICAL STUDY ON BURSA OF FABRICIUS IN DEVELOPING BRONZE TURKEY (MELEAGRIS GALOPAVO)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
G. Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Graph Paper ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Absolute Length ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Morphometrical Study

The aim of the study was an evaluation of the age related development of bronze turkey's bursa of Fabricius. The obtained data gave information about the standard actual values of the metric parameters in the investigated organ. The bursa of sixty healthy clinically bronze turkeys (30 males and 30 females) was studied metrically by ruler, graph paper and automatic balance. The birds were distributed in 10 age related groups at the 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, 49, 56, 90, 120 and 240 days. Each group consisted of 6 turkeys. The absolute and relative weight, length, perimeter and diameter of the organ were determined. During the period the absolute weight of the bronze turkeys' bursa increased by 76.5 times, the absolute length – 3.5 times. The relative weight of the organ was with the highest values at the 14 days of age. The relative length reached peak values at the 1 day. The relative perimeter was highest at 7 days. The obtained results gave a motivation to make the conclusion that the development of the bronze turkey bursa of Fabricius weight and length were highest from hatching to the sexual maturity.

scholarly journals Sodium butyrate enhances growth performance and intestinal development in broilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ruixia Lan ◽  
Siqi Li ◽  
QingQing Chang ◽  
Lilong An ◽  
Zhihui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance and development of digestive and immune organs in broilers. Dietary treatments had similar compositions but with 0%, 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.12% SB substituted (weight/weight) for identical amounts of the basal diet. SB supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain for each period, except for days 15–21. SB supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) the relative weight of proventriculus (day 7), gizzard (days 7 and 14), duodenum (days 21 and 28), jejunum (day 21), ileum (day 21), small intestine (day 21), rectum (day 14), pancreas (days 7 and 21), liver (days 21 and 28), and thymus (days 7, 14, and 21). SB supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) the relative length of duodenum (day 21), jejunum (days 14 and 21), ileum (days 14 and 21) and small intestine (days 14 and 21), caeca (day 21) and rectum (day 21), as well as it improved intestinal structure by increasing the villus height in jejunum and ileum, and increasing goblet cell counts in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Collectively, dietary SB supplementation improved the growth performance of broilers by improving the development and morphological structure of the broilers’ intestinal organs.

scholarly journals PENAMBAHAN AIR PERASAN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantiifolia) SEBAGAI ACIDIFIER TERHADAP BOBOT RELATIF, PANJANG RELATIF USUS HALUS DAN KONSUMSI PAKAN AYAM BROILER

MEDIAGRO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Surya Pratama ◽  
Turrini Yudiarti ◽  
Isroli Isroli
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Citrus Aurantiifolia

The aim of the research was to improve the relative weight, relative length and dietary of the broilers’ small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) with the slight squeeze of the lime as acidifier. The research was conducted according to completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replications (each experimental unit consisted of 5-6 broilers). Treatments were T0 (normal), T1 (5mL lime + 1000mL water), and T2 (10mL + 1000 mL water). Relative weight and relative length of the small intestine were not affected by the addiction of the lime, either dietary was not significantly affected by the addiction of the lime on the water as acidifier. The lime could not improve the dietary of the broiler. Keywords: Broiler, Lime, Acidifier, Small Intestine, Dietary.

scholarly journals Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Productive, Morphological, and Physiological Indicators in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insaf Riahi ◽  
Virginie Marquis ◽  
Antonio J. Ramos ◽  
Joaquim Brufau ◽  
Enric Esteve-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
The Absolute

The present study with 1-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to evaluate the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) at different levels (5 and 15 mg/kg feed) on growth performance, relative weight of organs, morphology of the small intestine, serum biochemistry, and welfare parameters of broiler chickens. Forty-five broiler chicks were randomly divided into three different experimental groups with five replicates each: (1) control group received a non-contaminated diet, (2) contaminated diet with 5 mg DON/kg of feed, and (3) contaminated diet with 15 mg DON/kg of feed for 42 days. Results showed that feed artificially contaminated with DON at guidance level (5 mg/kg diet) did not affect growth performance parameters. However, 15 mg/kg reduced body weight gain and altered feed efficiency. DON at two assayed levels significantly increased the absolute and relative weight of thymus and the relative weight of gizzard and decreased the absolute and the relative weight of the colon. Compared to controls, both doses affected small intestine morphometry parameters. In terms of biochemical indicators, DON at 5 mg/kg reduced the creatine kinase level and at 15 mg/kg DON reduced the cholesterol level. Furthermore, DON at 15 mg/kg induced more fear in broilers compared to broilers fed the guidance level. It was concluded that even the guidance level of DON did not affect the chickens’ performance. However, its toxic effect occurred in some organs and biochemical parameters.

scholarly journals Effect of Age on the Immune and Visceral Organ Weights and Cecal Traits in Modern Broilers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
Yordan Martínez ◽  
Edison Altamirano ◽  
Victoria Ortega ◽  
Patricio Paz ◽  
Manuel Valdivié
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Visceral Organ ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Intestinal Microbiology ◽  
Effect Of Age

This study aimed to determine the effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. 200 male Ross® 308 broilers were randomly selected, then 20 broilers were slaughtered every day (up to 10 days old) after six hours of fasting. All the organs measured had a progressive increase in absolute weight as the days progressed, apart from the spleen, which decreased its absolute weight on day 5, even though on day 10 it showed the highest values. Moreover, the small intestine relative weight increased from the fourth to the ninth day and was correlated (p ≤ 0.05) with the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and cecum, although without statistical association with the of the heart. There was a correlation between the cecum relative weight and the cecal lactic acid bacteria, and between the primary lymphoid organs. The pH (from 5.74 to 7.40) and cecal lactic acid bacteria (from 6.11 to 8.79 log 10 CFU/g) changed according to the age of the broilers. The results could contribute to the understanding of the physiology and intestinal microbiology of the first 10 days old of modern broilers, which is crucial to improve the genetic expression of these animals.

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

scholarly journals DSP Toxin Distribution across Organs in Mice after Acute Oral Administration

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Louzao ◽  
Paula Abal ◽  
Celia Costas ◽  
Toshiyuki Suzuki ◽  
Ryuichi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dose Dependency ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Lipophilic Phycotoxins

Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 and signs of toxicity were recorded up to 24 h. Toxin distribution in the main organs from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Our results indicate a dose-dependency in gastrointestinal absorption of these toxins. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the highest concentration of toxin was detected in the stomach and, in descending order, in the large intestine, small intestine, and liver. There was also a different toxicokinetic pathway between OA, DTX1, and DTX2. When the same toxin doses are compared, more OA than DTX1 is detected in the small intestine. OA and DTX1 showed similar concentrations in the stomach, liver, and large intestine tissues, but the amount of DTX2 is much lower in all these organs, providing information on DSP toxicokinetics for human safety assessment.

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