Ontogeny of audible squeaks in yellow steppe lemming Eolagurus luteus: trend towards shorter and low-frequency calls is reminiscent of those in ultrasonic vocalization

BMC Zoology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya A. Volodin ◽  
Daria D. Yurlova ◽  
Olga G. Ilchenko ◽  
Elena V. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus ◽  
Ontogenetic Trajectory ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Abstract Background Rodents are thought to be produced their human-audible calls (AUDs, below 20 kHz) with phonation mechanism based on vibration of the vocal folds, whereas their ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs, over 20 kHz) are produced with aerodynamic whistle mechanism. Despite of different production mechanisms, the acoustic parameters (duration and fundamental frequency) of AUDs and USVs change in the same direction along ontogeny in collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus and fat-tailed gerbil Pachyuromys duprasi. We hypothesize that this unidirectional trend of AUDs and USVs is a common rule in rodents and test whether the AUDs of yellow steppe lemmings Eolagurus luteus would display the same ontogenetic trajectory (towards shorter and low-frequency calls) as their USVs, studied previously in the same laboratory colony. Results We examined for acoustic variables 1200 audible squeaks emitted during 480-s isolation-and-handling procedure by 120 individual yellow steppe lemmings (at 12 age classes from neonates to breeding adults, 10 individuals per age class, up to 10 calls per individual, each individual tested once). We found that the ontogenetic pathway of the audible squeaks, towards shorter and lower frequency calls, was the same as the pathway of USVs revealed during 120-s isolation procedure in a previous study in the same laboratory population. Developmental milestone for the appearance of mature patterns of the squeaks (coinciding with eyes opening at 9–12 days of age), was the same as previously documented for USVs. Similar with ontogeny of USVs, the chevron-like squeaks were prevalent in neonates whereas the squeaks with upward contour were prevalent after the eyes opening. Conclusion This study confirms a hypothesis of common ontogenetic trajectory of call duration and fundamental frequency for AUDs and USVs within species in rodents. This ontogenetic trajectory is not uniform across species.

Reinke's Edema: Phonatory Mechanisms and Management Strategies

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Zeitels ◽  
Glenn W. Bunting ◽  
Robert E. Hillman ◽  
Traci Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Vocal Fold Vibration ◽  
Reinke’S Edema ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Superficial Lamina

Reinke's edema (RE) has been associated typically with smoking and sometimes with vocal abuse, but aspects of the pathophysiology of RE remain unclear. To gain new insights into phonatory mechanisms associated with RE pathophysiology, weused an integrated battery of objective vocal function tests to analyze 20 patients (19 women) who underwent phonomicrosurgical resection. Preoperative stroboscopic examinations demonstrated that the superficial lamina propria is distended primarily on the superior vocal fold surface. Acoustically, these individuals have an abnormally low average speaking fundamental frequency (123 Hz), and they generate abnormally high average subglottal pressures (9.7 cm H20). The presence of elevated aerodynamic driving pressures reflects difficulties in producing vocal fold vibration that are most likely the result of mass loading associated with RE, and possibly vocal hyperfunction. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that in the environment of chronic glottal mucositis secondary to smoking and reflux, the cephalad force on the vocal folds by the subglottal driving pressure contributes to the superior distention of the superficial lamina propria. Surgical reduction of the volume of the superficial lamina propria resulted in a significant elevation in fundamental frequency (154 Hz) and improvement in perturbation measures. In almost all instances, both the clinician and the patient perceived the voice as improved. However, these patients continued to generate elevated subglottal pressure (probably a sign of persistent hyperfunction) that was accompanied by visually observed supraglottal strain despite the normalsized vocal folds. This finding suggests that persistent hyperfunctional vocal behaviors may contribute to postsurgical RE recurrence if therapeutic strategies are not instituted to modify such behavior.

Study On Energy Dissipation Mechanism of an Impact Damper System

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayaravi R ◽  
Jayaraj Kochupillai ◽  
Kumaresan D ◽  
Asraff A. K
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Lagrangian Multiplier ◽  
Impact Damper ◽  
Contact Algorithm ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
Excitation Time

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate how higher damping is achieved by energy dissipation as high-frequency vibration due to the addition of impact mass. In an impact damper system, collision between primary and impact masses cause an exchange of momentum resulting in dissipation of energy. A numerical model is developed to study the dynamic behaviour of an impact damper system using a MDOF system with Augmented Lagrangian Multiplier contact algorithm. Mathematical modelling and numerical simulations are carried out using ANSYS FEA package. Studies are carried out for various mass ratios subjecting the system to low-frequency high amplitude excitation. Time responses obtained from numerical simulations at fundamental mode when the system is excited in the vicinity of its fundamental frequency are validated by comparing with experimental results. Magnification factor evaluated from numerical simulation results is comparable with those obtained from experimental data. The transient response obtained from numerical simulations is used to study the behaviour of first three modes of the system excited in vicinity of its fundamental frequency. It is inferred that dissipation of energy is a main reason for achieving higher damping for an impact damper system in addition to being transformed to heat, sound, and/or those required to deform a body.

Evaluating the Influence of Targeted Air Flow on Sound Pressure Level and Closed Quotient

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Closed Quotient ◽  
Considerable Range

Purpose Measures of estimated subglottal air pressure and translaryngeal air flow enable the researcher or clinician to noninvasively assess aerodynamic features related to respiratory and phonatory function. Our goal was to examine the unique relationship between air flow with sound pressure level (SPL) during syllable production while attempting to hold fundamental frequency and subglottal air pressure relatively constant. Method We completed two studies. Study 1: During syllable production, resultant sound pressure level was measured under conditions of constant fundamental frequency and estimated subglottal air pressure while systematically varying translaryngeal air flow. Study 2: During syllable production, resultant sound pressure level and closed quotient (using laryngeal stroboscopy) were measured under conditions of constant fundamental frequency and estimated subglottal air pressure while systematically varying translaryngeal air flow. Results Study 1: Findings suggest a steady increase in sound pressure level with increases in air flow between 25 cc/s and 150 cc/s. Interestingly, relatively stable mean sound pressure level was maintained over a considerable range of air flow values between 225 and 450 cc/s, suggesting that air flow could be further increased without a marked loss of sound pressure level. Study 2: Findings suggest a systematic increase in mean sound pressure level as supraglottic activity subsided and as the closed quotient decreased from 0.80 to 0.58. Interestingly, sound pressure level was relatively stable as the closed quotient decreased from 0.58 to 0.35. Conclusions Our findings suggest that sound pressure level can be maintained over a considerable range of increasing translaryngeal air flow values and over a considerable range of decreasing closed quotient values. These results provide motivation for investigating the interaction between air flow, glottal closure, and sound pressure level among other measures of phonatory function, with important clinical implications for therapeutic approaches that emphasize increases in air flow and focus on reducing contact between the vocal folds.

Subjective evaluation of the combining effect between the virtual bass and head related transfer functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. 1488-1496
Author(s):  
Yunqi Chen ◽  
Chuang Shi ◽  
Hao Mu
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Frequency Sound ◽  
Listening Tests ◽  
Listening Experience ◽  
Missing Fundamental

Earphones are commonly equipped with miniature loudspeaker units, which cannot transmit enough power of low-frequency sound. Meanwhile, there is often only one loudspeaker unit employed on each side of the earphone, whereby the multi-channel spatial audio processing cannot be applied. Therefore, the combined usage of the virtual bass (VB) and head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) is necessary for an immersive listening experience with earphones. However, the combining effect of the VB and HRTFs has not been comprehensively reported. The VB is developed based on the missing fundamental effect, providing that the presence of harmonics can be perceived as their fundamental frequency, even if the fundamental frequency is not presented. HRTFs describe the transmission process of a sound propagating from the sound source to human ears. Monaural audio processed by a pair of HRTFs can be perceived by the listener as a sound source located in the direction associated with the HRTFs. This paper carries out subjective listening tests and their results reveal that the harmonics required by the VB should be generated in the same direction as the high-frequency sound. The bass quality is rarely distorted by the presence of HRTFs, but the localization accuracy is occasionally degraded by the VB.

scholarly journals MobiLab – A Mobile Laboratory for On-Site Listening Experiments in Virtual Acoustic Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-887
Author(s):  
Florian Pausch ◽  
Janina Fels
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Mobile Laboratory ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Acoustic Environments ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Insulation Performance

Virtual acoustic environments have demonstrated their versatility for conducting studies in various research areas as they allow easy manipulations of experimental test conditions or simulated acoustic scenes, while providing expansion possibilities to related interdisciplinary and multimodal fields. Although the evolution of auditory and cognitive models is consistently pursued, listening experiments are still considered the gold standard, usually necessitating a large amount of resources, including travel expenses of study participants. In order to facilitate practical and efficient study execution, we therefore implemented a mobile hearing laboratory by acoustically optimising the interior of a caravan. All necessary technical facilities were integrated to perform listening experiments in virtual acoustic environments under controlled conditions directly on site, for example, in front of schools or senior residential centers. The design and construction of this laboratory are presented and evaluated based on insulation properties, selected room acoustic parameters, and interior ambient noise levels that are to be expected during operation at representative test sites. Limitations, particularly in low-frequency insulation performance, should provide incentives for further optimisations in similar future projects.

Seismic record analysis of the Liyutan earth dam

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1351-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hung Hwang ◽  
Chia-Pin Wu ◽  
Sheng-Chin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Earth Dam ◽  
Intrinsic Mode Functions ◽  
Small Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Motion ◽  
Earthquake Motion ◽  
Peak Ground Motion ◽  
Nonlinear Amplification ◽  
Seismic Records

In this paper the authors present an analysis of the seismic records of the Liyutan dam, which is a zoned compacted earth dam. It is 96 m in height, and it suffered some minor cracks and settlement during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. A large amount of seismic motion has been recorded for 42 past earthquake events. These records were used to analyze the vibration characteristics of the dam. The fundamental frequency and nonlinear amplification of the peak ground motion of the dam body have been clearly identified. Based on the fundamental frequency identified from the small earthquake data, the seismic motion of the dam during the Chi-Chi earthquake could be well simulated by an equivalent linear dynamic procedure. An empirical decomposition method was used to decompose the Chi-Chi earthquake motion histories, from the top and the bottom of the dam, into several orthogonal and complete intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). These IMFs show that the low frequency parts of the seismic motion at the top and bottom of the dam are nearly the same, however, the high frequency parts are significantly amplified when the seismic motion propagates from the bottom to the top of the dam.

A Case Against Teflon Injection to Lower Vocal Pitch

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Zwitman ◽  
Thomas C. Calcaterra
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Vocal Fold Injection ◽  
Vocal Pitch ◽  
Pitch Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

A patient with severe hoarseness was seen three months after Teflon injection of both vocal folds had been performed elsewhere to lower an abnormally high pitch. Pitch analysis utilizing voice spectrography revealed no significant drop in fundamental frequency. The hoarseness is presumed to have resulted from disparate glycerin absorption, inflammatory changes of the folds, and asynchronous vibration of the folds. Vocal fold injection to increase fold thickness and lower pitch is not a simple technique and is not advised until all parameters have been thoroughly studied.

Fundamental Frequency and Amplitude Perturbation in Reconstructed Canine Vocal Folds

1994 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack J. Jiang ◽  
David B. Wexler ◽  
Ingo R. Titze ◽  
Steven D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Pressure ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Fat Grafting ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vocal Quality ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fold Cover

A submucosal fat autograft was implanted within the cover of injured vocal folds of 5 dogs. The implant occurred 6 weeks after unilateral mucosal excision had been performed. Three months postoperatively the larynges of these animals were excised and their phonation was compared to that of normal dog larynges and to other larynges with mucosal excision (but without fat grafting). Radiated acoustic pressure from the artificially driven larynges was recorded and digitized at 20 kHz with 16-bit resolution. Amplitude and fundamental frequency perturbations were extracted from a segment of phonation to assess the stability of the acoustic signals from the 3 groups. It was found that fat augmentation after mucosal excision reduced amplitude and frequency perturbation measures. There was no significant difference between fat-augmented and normal vocal folds. The acoustic measures were also positively correlated with phonation threshold and phonation efficiency measures reported earlier. The results suggest that submucosal fat autograft implantation within an injured vocal fold cover can restore not only the “ease” of phonation, but also the stability of phonation, which is a component of vocal quality.

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