scholarly journals Implementing circular economy concept by converting cassava pulp and wastewater to biogas for sustainable production in starch industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruenrom Lerdlattaporn ◽  
Chantaraporn Phalakornkule ◽  
Sivalee Trakulvichean ◽  
Warinthorn Songkasiri
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Starch Industry

AbstractAdoption of the circular economy concept to utilize wastes and by-products from the cassava starch industry for biogas production has been considered a viable option. The annual generation of wastewater and cassava pulp in Thailand is reported to be approximately 21 million m3 and 9.5 Mt, respectively. This research therefore aimed to analyze the key drivers and challenges in implementing the circular economy concept in the cassava starch industry in order to generate higher demand for biogas systems, increase the energy security and resource efficiency, and combat the environmental problems associated with cassava wastes. The following three scenarios were analyzed in this study: (1) a factory without integrated biogas system, (2) a factory with integrated biogas installation using wastewater as a raw material, and (3) a factory with biogas system using both wastewater and cassava pulp as raw materials. The assessment of economic feasibility, resource efficiency, water recovery, land use, and global warming potential was performed to compare different scenarios. This study found that Scenario 3 generated the highest net present value and the shortest payback period of 6.14 million USD and 4.37 yr, respectively, for the 10-yr operational period. Moreover, Scenario 3 had the highest resource efficiency and water recovery with the lowest land use (1.89 × 105 m2 at 5 × 105 kg of starch d− 1) and the lowest global warming potential (0.14 kg CO2eq kg− 1 of starch).

scholarly journals Implementing circular economy concept by converting cassava pulp and wastewater to biogas for sustainable production in starch industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruenrom Lerdlattaporn ◽  
Chantaraporn Phalakornkule ◽  
Sivalee Trakulvichean ◽  
Warinthorn Songkasiri
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Starch Industry ◽  
By Products

Abstract An adoption of the circular economy concept to utilize the wastes and by-products in the cassava starch industry to produce the biogas is a high potential option. Thai cassava starch industry generates wastes and by-products, as such the wastewater of 21.00 million m3 y-1 and the cassava pulp of 9.50 million t y-1. This research analyzed the key drivers and challenges to increase the demand of biogas system, increasing the energy security, resource efficiency, and decreasing the environmental problem. Three-scenarios of (1) a factory has no biogas system, (2) a factory produces biogas using wastewater as a raw material, and (3) a factory produces biogas using both wastewater and cassava pulp as raw materials, were analyzed. The economic assessment, resource efficiency, water recovery, land use, and global warming potential were the parameter of comparison. Scenario 3 generated a highest net present value, and a shortest payback period for the 10-year operational period with 6.14 million USD and 4.37 y, respectively. Moreover, scenario 3 had the highest resource efficiency and water recovery with the lowest land (18.90 ha with 500 t starch d-1) use and global warming (144.33 kg CO2eq t-1 starch).

scholarly journals Implementing Circular Economy Concept by Converting Cassava Pulp and Wastewater to Biogas for Sustainable Production in Starch Industry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruenrom Lerdlattaporn ◽  
Chantaraporn Phalakornkule ◽  
Sivalee Trakulvichean ◽  
Warinthorn Songkasiri
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Starch Industry

Abstract This research integrated the circular economy (CE) concept in the cassava starch industry in Thailand, and revealed the benefits of biogas generation from both the wastewater and waste cassava pulp with a focus on the identification and analysis of the key drivers and challenges to increase the efficiency of the biogas system. The research methodology applied the CE concept for scenarios of cassava pulp utilization for biogas production, compared to the no waste treatment and anaerobic wastewater treatment scenarios, in termsof an economic assessment, resource efficiency, water recovery, land use, and global warming potential. Proposed options mainly involved the conservation of energy, water, land use, and reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. These included the reuse and recycling of water and use of biogas to substitute for fuel oil for burners and electricity in the cassava starch production process.

Global warming potential and sustainable management of three land uses in Varanasi

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Sharma ◽  
Divya Pandey ◽  
Madhoolika Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ancient City

Purpose – Varanasi, an ancient city has witnessed the conversion of forest into agricultural lands. The high urbanization rate along with affluent lifestyle is adding another category of land use, i.e. landfill. Such land use changes significantly affect the fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from soil thus contributing to global warming. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the global warming potential (GWP) of the three land uses in Varanasi city taking into consideration CH4 and CO2.The paper also highlights the land use pattern of Varanasi. Design/methodology/approach – Sites representing land uses under forest, agriculture and landfill were identified in and around the city and measurements of GHG fluxes were conducted periodically using closed static chambers. The GWP from each land use was calculated using the standard formula of IPCC (2007). Findings – Landfill was found to be the land use with the highest GWP followed by agriculture. GWP from forest was negative. The study indicated that conversion of natural ecosystems into man made ecosystems contributed significantly to GHGs emissions. Research limitations/implications – The present research is a seasonal study with inherent uncertainties. To reduce the uncertainties long-term monitoring covering wider spatial area is required. Practical implications – The sustainable use of land along with the increment of forest cover will not only reduce the contribution in GHGs emission, but will also increase the carbon sequestrations thus limiting the implication of climate change. Originality/value – This study is the first of its kind comparing the soil borne emissions from three different land uses in a rapidly urbanizing ancient city, suggesting if there is rapid conversion of forested land into other two land uses there will be considerable increase in global warming. No similar studies could be found in the literature.

scholarly journals Potential of Biogas Production from Processing Residues to Reduce Environmental Impacts from Cassava Starch and Crisp Production—A Case Study from Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2975
Author(s):  
Jens Lansche ◽  
Sebastian Awiszus ◽  
Sajid Latif ◽  
Joachim Müller
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Water Stress Index ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
Starch Production

The cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculenta) is widely spread in a variety of tropical countries with an estimated annual production of 291.9 million tons. The crop is the most important source of carbohydrates in producing countries. In Malaysia, cassava is mainly cultivated for starch production. Despite the economic and nutritional importance of cassava, there is only limited knowledge available regarding the overall environmental impacts of cassava starch production or the production of alternative food products like cassava crisps. This study presents an environmental assessment of different scenarios of cassava production and processing by a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The results indicate that the environmental impacts of cassava-based products can be reduced considerably with the utilization of processing residues for anaerobic digestion if the resulting biogas is used for the production of electricity and heat. In the industrial scenario, the results indicate that the highest relative reductions are achieved for cumulated energy demand (CED), global warming potential (GWP) and deforestation (DEF) with −39%, −26% and −18%, respectively, while in the advanced scenario, environmental impacts for CED, GWP, ozone formation potential (OFP) and water stress index (WSI) can be reduced by more than 10% with −281%, −37%, −16% and −14%, respectively. The impacts for global warming potential found in this study are slightly higher compared to other studies that focused on the carbon footprint of starch production from cassava, while the savings due to biogas production are similar.

scholarly journals The greenhouse gas balance of a drained fen peatland is mainly controlled by land-use rather than soil organic carbon content

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 5161-5184 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eickenscheidt ◽  
J. Heinichen ◽  
M. Drösler
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Chamber Technique

Abstract. Drained organic soils are considered to be hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Arable lands and intensively used grasslands, in particular, have been regarded as the main producers of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). However, GHG balances of former peatlands and associated organic soils not considered to be peatland according to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, our study addressed the question to what extent the soil organic carbon (SOC) content affects the GHG release of drained organic soils under two different land-use types (arable land and intensively used grassland). Both land-use types were established on a Mollic Gleysol (labeled Cmedium) as well as on a Sapric Histosol (labeled Chigh). The two soil types differed significantly in their SOC contents in the topsoil (Cmedium: 9.4–10.9 % SOC; Chigh: 16.1–17.2 % SOC). We determined GHG fluxes over a period of 1 or 2 years in case of N2O or methane (CH4) and CO2, respectively. The daily and annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was determined by measuring NEE and the ecosystem respiration (RECO) with the closed dynamic chamber technique and by modeling the RECO and the gross primary production (GPP). N2O and CH4 were measured with the static closed chamber technique. Estimated NEE of CO2 differed significantly between the two land-use types, with lower NEE values (−6 to 1707 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1) at the arable sites and higher values (1354 to 1823 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1) at the grassland sites. No effect on NEE was found regarding the SOC content. Significantly higher annual N2O exchange rates were observed at the arable sites (0.23–0.86 g N m−2 yr−1) than at the grassland sites (0.12–0.31 g N m−2 yr−1). Furthermore, N2O fluxes from the Chigh sites significantly exceeded those of the Cmedium sites. CH4 fluxes were found to be close to zero at all plots. Estimated global warming potential, calculated for a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) revealed a very high release of GHGs from all plots ranging from 1837 to 7095 g CO2 eq. m−2 yr−1. Calculated global warming potential (GWP) values did not differ between soil types and partly exceeded the IPCC default emission factors of the Tier 1 approach by far. However, despite being subject to high uncertainties, the results clearly highlight the importance of adjusting the IPCC guidelines for organic soils not falling under the definition in order to avoid a significant underestimation of GHG emissions in the corresponding sectors of the national climate reporting. Furthermore, the present results revealed that mainly the type of land-use, including the management type, and not the SOC content is responsible for the height of GHG exchange from intensive farming on drained organic soils.

Resource Efficiency Assessment of Alternative Composite Curing Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
Josefine Jahn ◽  
Johannes Kastl ◽  
Melanie Klein ◽  
Rolf Steinhilper
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Process Energy

For the manufacturing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP), more precisely for the curing phase, alternative process technologies are available. These technologies use different types of facilities and forming tools as well as different mechanisms for the heat input and the load application. Thus, the required amount of energy, the needed source materials and the ancillary input of the machines vary widely. Since the resource efficiency of production processes gains in importance, considerations of the inputs, outputs and the ecological impact of CFRP manufacturing processes are essential. In this work, three CFRP manufacturing processes were comparatively investigated with a gate-to-gate analysis following ISO 14044 to reveal the appropriate CO2-emissions and the global warming potential. The curing processes in a vacuum-oven process, a wet pressing process and a prepreg-autoclave process were considered. As a functional unit, an endless reinforced thermosetting CFRP-container served. During the inventory analysis phase all elementary and energy flows of the several process steps of the mentioned technologies were documented. The subsequent impact assessment shows, that for the single piece production in oven and press, the mold exerts the greatest influence on to the global warming potential with a share over 94 %. However, in the autoclave the process energy has the greatest share with over 46 %.

scholarly journals The greenhouse gas balance of a drained fen peatland is mainly controlled by land-use rather than soil organic carbon content

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 5201-5258 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eickenscheidt ◽  
J. Heinichen ◽  
M. Drösler
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Chamber Technique

Abstract. Drained organic soils are considered as hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Particularly arable lands and intensively used grasslands have been regarded as the main producers of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). However, GHG balances of former peatlands and associated organic soils not considered as peatland according to the definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, our study addressed the question to what extent the soil organic carbon (SOC) content affects the GHG release of drained organic soils under two different land-use types (arable land and intensively used grassland). Both land-use types were established on a mollic Gleysol (named Cmedium) as well as on a sapric Histosol (named Chigh). The two soil types significantly differed in their SOC contents in the topsoil (Cmedium: 9.4–10.9% SOC; Chigh: 16.1–17.2% SOC). We determined GHG fluxes (CO2, N2O and methane (CH4)) over a period of 2 years. The daily and annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was determined with the closed dynamic chamber technique and by modeling the ecosystem respiration (RECO) and the gross primary production (GPP). N2O and CH4 were determined by the close chamber technique. Estimated NEE of CO2 significantly differed between the two land-use types with lower NEE values (−6 to 1707 g CO2–C m−2 yr−1) at the arable sites and higher values (1354 to 1823 g CO2–C m−2 yr−1) at the grassland sites. No effect on NEE was found regarding the SOC content. Significantly higher annual N2O exchange rates were observed at the arable sites (0.23–0.86 g N m−2 yr−1) compared to the grassland sites (0.12–0.31 g N m−2 yr−1). Furthermore, N2O fluxes from the Chigh sites significantly exceeded those of the Cmedium sites. CH4 fluxes were found to be close to zero at all plots. Estimated global warming potential, calculated for a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) revealed a very high release of GHGs from all plots ranging from 1837 to 7095 g CO2 eq. m−2 yr−1. Calculated global warming potential (GWP) values did not differ between soil types and partly exceeded the IPCC default emission factors of the Tier 1 approach by far. However, despite being subject to high uncertainties, the results clearly highlight the importance to adjust the IPCC guidelines for organic soils not falling under the definition, to avoid a significant underestimation of GHG emissions in the corresponding sectors of the national climate reporting. Furthermore, the present results revealed that mainly the land-use including the management and not the SOC content is responsible for the height of GHG exchange from intensive farming on drained organic soils.

scholarly journals Comparative life cycle assessment of four commonly used point-of-use water treatment technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-873
Author(s):  
Tara Walsh ◽  
Jonathan Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Point Of Use

Abstract Across the globe, billions of people lack access to safe drinking water. Many different point-of-use (POU) technologies have been developed that significantly reduce the disease-causing pathogens found in untreated water. With many different technologies available, it can be difficult to choose which technology to implement in specific areas. Beyond the cost of each technology, the environmental impacts could bring additional harm to a community. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are used to make comparisons across different technologies. This study uses an LCA to compare boiling water, ceramic water filters, BioSand filters and POU chlorination as treatment options in the rural community of Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa utilizing previously published, open-access data. Global warming potential, water use, energy use, smog formation, particulate matter and land use are the studied environmental impacts. Results found that boiling had the most impact on energy use, global warming potential, smog and land use; chlorination had the greatest impact on particulate matter and water use. A cost comparison found boiling water to be most expensive at 0.053 USD per liter and chlorination to be least expensive at 0.0005 USD per liter.

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