Do metal infrastructure effects cancel out in time-lapse electromagnetic measurements?

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-48
Author(s):  
Gurban Orujov ◽  
Andrei Swidinsky ◽  
Rita Streich
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Interaction Matrix ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Secondary Currents ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Resistive Sheet

Controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) methods have the potential to be used in reservoir monitoring problems, due to their sensitivity to subsurface resistivity distribution. For example, time-lapse electromagnetic (EM) measurements can help to determine reservoir changes during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes such as water/steam injection or CO2 sequestration. Although metal infrastructure such as pipelines and casings can strongly influence EM data and mask the underlying geological response, one may presume that these effects cancel out during time-lapse surveys. In this paper, we analyze the effects of well casings on time-lapse surface-to-surface EM measurements. First, using a synthetic example of an onshore 1D hydrocarbon reservoir we quantify the effect of single and multiple casings at several source and receiver locations. We show that time-lapse responses are distorted significantly when a source or receiver is located near a casing. Next, we study a more realistic scenario where we approximate the hydrocarbon reservoir as a thin bounded resistive sheet. We present a Method of Moments (MoM) algorithm to calculate the secondary currents and charges on a well casing and resistive sheet combination and validate the electric fields these secondary sources generate against finite element modeling. Finally, we calculate and explicitly demonstrate time-lapse amplitude changes in the well casing-thin sheet interaction matrix, secondary currents, charges, and surface electric fields. Our 3D modeling results show that the conductive casing reduces the ability of the resistive sheet to impede the current flow and distorts time-lapse responses. Therefore, one cannot fully eliminate casing effects by subtraction of time-lapse data and must fully incorporate such infrastructure into forward models for time-lapse EM inversion.

A case history of time-lapse 3D seismic surveys at Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. B93-B99 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Helen Isaac ◽  
Don C. Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Seismic Surveys ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interval Velocities ◽  
Cold Lake

Time-lapse 3D seismic surveys were acquired across a bitumen field at Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada, during a production cycle (1990) and a steam-injection cycle (1992) of a thermal-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) program. We observed changes in interval traveltime and amplitude distributions between the processed surveys. We interpret the increased traveltimes observed over most of the injection survey to be a result of lowered interval velocities in the reservoir, caused primarily by higher temperature and lower effective pressure. Reflection-strength variations within the reservoir are present in each data set and change spatially between the surveys. In general, we interpret the amplitude anomalies seen only on the production survey to be caused by local free gas and the amplitude anomalies seen only on the injection survey, which are close to the perforation depths, to be caused by thin, vertically restricted steamed zones.

scholarly journals Time-Lapse, Live-Cell Imaging of Potassium Efflux in Cell Exposed to Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 223a
Author(s):  
Flavia Mazzarda ◽  
Esin B. Sozer ◽  
Julia L. Pittaluga ◽  
Claudia Muratori ◽  
P. Thomas Vernier
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Potassium Efflux ◽  
Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields

Tertiary Recovery Improvement of Steam Injection Using Chemical Additives: Pore Scale Understanding of Challenges and Solutions Through Visual Experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Agra Pratama ◽  
Tayfun Babadagli
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Heavy Oil Recovery ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Tertiary Recovery

Abstract Our previous research, honoring interfacial properties, revealed that the wettability state is predominantly caused by phase change—transforming liquid phase to steam phase—with the potential to affect the recovery performance of heavy-oil. Mainly, the system was able to maintain its water-wetness in the liquid (hot-water) phase but attained a completely and irrevocably oil-wet state after the steam injection process. Although a more favorable water-wetness was presented at the hot-water condition, the heavy-oil recovery process was challenging due to the mobility contrast between heavy-oil and water. Correspondingly, we substantiated that the use of thermally stable chemicals, including alkalis, ionic liquids, solvents, and nanofluids, could propitiously restore the irreversible wettability. Phase distribution/residual oil behavior in porous media through micromodel study is essential to validate the effect of wettability on heavy-oil recovery. Two types of heavy-oils (450 cP and 111,600 cP at 25oC) were used in glass bead micromodels at steam temperatures up to 200oC. Initially, the glass bead micromodels were saturated with synthesized formation water and then displaced by heavy-oils. This process was done to exemplify the original fluid saturation in the reservoirs. In investigating the phase change effect on residual oil saturation in porous media, hot-water was injected continuously into the micromodel (3 pore volumes injected or PVI). The process was then followed by steam injection generated by escalating the temperature to steam temperature and maintaining a pressure lower than saturation pressure. Subsequently, the previously selected chemical additives were injected into the micromodel as a tertiary recovery application to further evaluate their performance in improving the wettability, residual oil, and heavy-oil recovery at both hot-water and steam conditions. We observed that phase change—in addition to the capillary forces—was substantial in affecting both the phase distribution/residual oil in the porous media and wettability state. A more oil-wet state was evidenced in the steam case rather than in the liquid (hot-water) case. Despite the conditions, auspicious wettability alteration was achievable with thermally stable surfactants, nanofluids, water-soluble solvent (DME), and switchable-hydrophilicity tertiary amines (SHTA)—improving the capillary number. The residual oil in the porous media yielded after injections could be favorably improved post-chemicals injection; for example, in the case of DME. This favorable improvement was also confirmed by the contact angle and surface tension measurements in the heavy-oil/quartz/steam system. Additionally, more than 80% of the remaining oil was recovered after adding this chemical to steam. Analyses of wettability alteration and phase distribution/residual oil in the porous media through micromodel visualization on thermal applications present valuable perspectives in the phase entrapment mechanism and the performance of heavy-oil recovery. This research also provides evidence and validations for tertiary recovery beneficial to mature fields under steam applications.

Undersaturated Hydrocarbon Reservoir Waterflooding: A simulation Approach to Performance Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adekunle Tirimisiyu Adeniyi ◽  
Miracle Imwonsa Osatemple ◽  
Abdulwahab Giwa
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir

Abstract There are a good numbers of brown hydrocarbon reservoirs, with a substantial amount of bypassed oil. These reservoirs are said to be brown, because a huge chunk of its recoverable oil have been produced. Since a significant number of prominent oil fields are matured and the number of new discoveries is declining, it is imperative to assess performances of waterflooding in such reservoirs; taking an undersaturated reservoir as a case study. It should be recalled that Waterflooding is widely accepted and used as a means of secondary oil recovery method, sometimes after depletion of primary energy sources. The effects of permeability distribution on flood performances is of concerns in this study. The presence of high permeability streaks could lead to an early water breakthrough at the producers, thus reducing the sweep efficiency in the field. A solution approach adopted in this study was reserve water injection. A reverse approach because, a producing well is converted to water injector while water injector well is converted to oil producing well. This optimization method was applied to a waterflood process carried out on a reservoir field developed by a two - spot recovery design in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria that is being used as a case study. Simulation runs were carried out with a commercial reservoir oil simulator. The result showed an increase in oil production with a significant reduction in water-cut. The Net Present Value, NPV, of the project was re-evaluated with present oil production. The results of the waterflood optimization revealed that an increase in the net present value of up to 20% and an increase in cumulative production of up to 27% from the base case was achieved. The cost of produced water treatment for re-injection and rated higher water pump had little impact on the overall project economy. Therefore, it can conclude that changes in well status in wells status in an heterogenous hydrocarbon reservoir will increase oil production.

scholarly journals An Economical Evaluation of the Water/Steam Injection in a CHP Microturbine Cycle

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Loujendi ◽  
◽  
K. A. Sani ◽  
A. A. Tofigh ◽  
A. Majidian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Injection ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Economical Evaluation

Finite Element Analysis of Casing Material Behavior in Steam Injection Well Operations

2015 ◽  
Vol 799-800 ◽  
pp. 196-200
Author(s):  
Abhilash M. Bharadwaj ◽  
Sonny Irawan ◽  
Saravanan Karuppanan ◽  
Mohamad Zaki bin Abdullah ◽  
Ismail bin Mohd Saaid
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Element Analysis

Casing design is one of the most important parts of the well planning in the oil and gas industry. Various factors affecting the casing material needs to be considered by the drilling engineers. Wells partaking in thermal oil recovery processes undergo extreme temperature variation and this induces high thermal stresses in the casings. Therefore, forecasting the material behavior and checking for failure mechanisms becomes highly important. This paper uses Finite Element Methods to analyze the behavior two of the frequently used materials for casing - J55 and L80 steels. Modeling the casing and application of boundary conditions are performed through Ansys Workbench. Effect of steam injection pressure and temperature on the materials is presented in this work, indicating the possibilities of failure during heating cycle. The change in diameter of the casing body due to axial restriction is also presented. This paper aims to draw special attention towards the casing design in high temperature conditions of the well.

The Experimental Analysis of the Role of Flue Gas Injection for Horizontal Well Steam Flooding

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanxi Pang ◽  
Peng Qi ◽  
Fengyi Zhang ◽  
Taotao Ge ◽  
Huiqing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Steam Flooding ◽  
Heavy Oil Reservoirs

Heavy oil is an important hydrocarbon resource that plays a great role in petroleum supply for the world. Co-injection of steam and flue gas can be used to develop deep heavy oil reservoirs. In this paper, a series of gas dissolution experiments were implemented to analyze the properties variation of heavy oil. Then, sand-pack flooding experiments were carried out to optimize injection temperature and injection volume of this mixture. Finally, three-dimensional (3D) flooding experiments were completed to analyze the sweep efficiency and the oil recovery factor of flue gas + steam flooding. The role in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms was summarized according to the experimental results. The results show that the dissolution of flue gas in heavy oil can largely reduce oil viscosity and its displacement efficiency is obviously higher than conventional steam injection. Flue gas gradually gathers at the top to displace remaining oil and to decrease heat loss of the reservoir top. The ultimate recovery is 49.49% that is 7.95% higher than steam flooding.

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