scholarly journals Treatment of sleep disorders in adults

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Wilson ◽  
David Nutt
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Progressive Relaxation ◽  
Normal Control Subject ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Over Time

One-third of our lives is spent asleep, but the reasons why we sleep are not yet fully understood. Sleep is a state of inactivity accompanied by a loss of awareness and a markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. When a recording is made of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and other physiological variables such as muscle activity and eye movements during sleep (a technique called polysomnography) a pattern of sleep consisting of five different stages emerges. This pattern varies from person to person, but usually consists of four or five cycles of quiet sleep alternating with paradoxical (active) sleep, with longer periods of paradoxical sleep in the latter half of the night. A representation of these various stages over time is known as a hypnogram, and one of these derived from a normal control subject is shown in Figure 1. The quiet sleep is divided further into four stages, each with a characteristic EEG appearance, with progressive relaxation of the muscles and slower, more regular breathing as the deeper stages are reached. Most sleep in these deeper stages occurs in the first half of the night.

Direct measurement of the energy expenditure of physical activity in preterm infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti J. Thureen ◽  
Robert E. Phillips ◽  
Karen A. Baron ◽  
Mark P. DeMarie ◽  
William W. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep

The energy cost of physical activity (EEA) has been estimated to account for 5–17% of total energy expenditure (TEE) in neonates. To directly measure EEA, a force plate was developed and validated to measure work outputs ranging from 0.3 to 40 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1. By use of this force plate plus indirect calorimetry, TEE and EEA were measured and correlated with five activity states in 24 infants with gestational age of 31.6 ± 0.5 (SE) wk and postnatal age of 24.8 ± 3.7 days. TEE and EEA were 69.2 ± 1.5 and 2.4 ± 0.2 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, respectively. EEA per state was 0.5 ± 0.0 (quiet sleep), 2.4 ± 0.2 (active sleep), 2.8 ± 0.4 (quiet awake), 7.5 ± 0.8 (active awake), and 15.1 ± 2.3 (crying) kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1. This provides the first direct measurement of the contribution of physical activity to TEE in preterm infants and will enable measurement of caloric expenditure from muscle activity in various disease conditions and development of nursing strategies to minimize unnecessary energy losses.

Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on nonnutritive swallowing in newborn lambs

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1180-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Duvareille ◽  
Mylène Lafrance ◽  
Nathalie Samson ◽  
Marie St-Hilaire ◽  
Patrick Pladys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Air Control ◽  
Thyroarytenoid Muscle

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypercapnia and hypoxia on apnea and nonnutritive swallowing (NNS) frequency, as well as on the coordination between NNS and phases of the respiratory cycle in newborn lambs, while taking into account the potential effects of states of alertness. Six lambs were chronically instrumented for recording electroencephalogram, eye movements, diaphragm and thyroarytenoid muscle (a glottal adductor) activity, nasal airflow, and electrocardiogram. Polysomnographic recordings were performed in nonsedated lambs exposed to air (control), 10% O2, and 5% CO2 in a random order at 3, 4, and 5 days of age. Although hypercapnia decreased apnea frequency in wakefulness and active sleep ( P = 0.002 vs. air and hypoxia), hypoxia had no significant effect on apnea. In addition, although hypercapnia increased NNS frequency during wakefulness and quiet sleep ( P < 0.005 vs. air and hypoxia), hypoxia tended to decrease NNS frequency. Finally, only hypercapnia altered NNS-breathing coordination by increasing NNS at the transition from inspiration to expiration (ie-type NNS; P < 0.001 vs. air and hypoxia). In conclusion, whereas hypercapnia increases overall NNS frequency by specifically increasing ie-type NNS, hypoxia has the inverse tendency. Results were identical in all three states of alertness.

scholarly journals Extraocular muscle activity, rapid eye movements and the development of active and quiet sleep

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele M. H. Seelke ◽  
Karl AE. Karlsson ◽  
Andrew J. Gall ◽  
Mark S. Blumberg
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Extraocular Muscle ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements

scholarly journals Repetitive hypoxia rapidly depresses cardio-respiratory responses during active sleep but not quiet sleep in the newborn lamb

1999 ◽  
Vol 519 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renea V. Johnston ◽  
Daniel A. Grant ◽  
Malcolm H. Wilkinson ◽  
Adrian M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Newborn Lamb ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Comparison of arousal responses to tracheal and face mask occlusions in sleeping newborn piglets

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2482-2486 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Barrington ◽  
R. G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Tracheal Occlusion ◽  
Newborn Piglets

The arousal responses after occlusion of the airway at the mid-trachea were compared with the responses after occlusion of the airway in a face mask in chronically instrumented 3- to 5-day-old piglets. For each site of occlusion arousal latency was significantly longer from active sleep than from quiet sleep. There was a significant increase in the frequency of early arousals after face mask occlusions compared with tracheal occlusions in both sleep states. During quiet sleep the frequency of arousal by 1 s after occlusion was 0.55 with face mask occlusions compared with 0.28 with tracheal occlusion (P less than 0.01). During active sleep the frequency of arousal by 3 s after a face mask occlusion was 0.32 compared with 0.08 after tracheal occlusion (P less than 0.05). Arousal from quiet sleep occurred before changes in arterial oxygen saturation. During active sleep mean saturation at arousal was not different between face mask and tracheal occlusions. Exposure of the upper airway to the pressures generated during airway occlusions results in earlier arousal in both quiet and active sleep, indicating a potential role for upper airway mechanoreceptors in initiating arousal in the newborn piglet.

scholarly journals Neurological Monitoring during Anaesthesia and Surgery

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McMeniman ◽  
G. J. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Functional Integrity ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
Intracranial Pressures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

The ability to monitor the electrical activity of the central nervous system and to record responses to stimulation allows for a more immediate assessment of the functional integrity of the nervous system during anaesthesia than do conventional techniques. These monitoring methods, however, have been slow to find acceptance in clinical practice. The reasons include the difficulty with standardization and reproducibility of results from such monitoring techniques as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked potentials, along with the level of expertise necessary for accurate interpretation of the voluminous data collected. Anaesthetic agents along with variations in physiological parameters can markedly alter the recordings not to mention the influence of diathermy, other electrical devices, muscle activity and artifact. Because of these inherent difficulties, most anaesthetists still rely on optimising such physiological parameters as arterial, venous and intracranial pressures, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, to ensure the functional integrity of the nervous system. This brief review explores the potential areas of application of electrophysiologic monitoring in surgery and anaesthesia. 1–5

scholarly journals Physiological Synchrony in EEG, Electrodermal Activity and Heart Rate Detects Attentionally Relevant Events in Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo V. Stuldreher ◽  
Nattapong Thammasan ◽  
Jan B. F. van Erp ◽  
Anne-Marie Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stimulus Type ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Independent Group ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Event Type ◽  
Physiological Synchrony ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Over Time

Interpersonal physiological synchrony (PS), or the similarity of physiological signals between individuals over time, may be used to detect attentionally engaging moments in time. We here investigated whether PS in the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate and a multimodal metric signals the occurrence of attentionally relevant events in time in two groups of participants. Both groups were presented with the same auditory stimulus, but were instructed to attend either to the narrative of an audiobook (audiobook-attending: AA group) or to interspersed emotional sounds and beeps (stimulus-attending: SA group). We hypothesized that emotional sounds could be detected in both groups as they are expected to draw attention involuntarily, in a bottom-up fashion. Indeed, we found this to be the case for PS in EDA or the multimodal metric. Beeps, that are expected to be only relevant due to specific “top-down” attentional instructions, could indeed only be detected using PS among SA participants, for EDA, EEG and the multimodal metric. We further hypothesized that moments in the audiobook accompanied by high PS in either EEG, EDA, heart rate or the multimodal metric for AA participants would be rated as more engaging by an independent group of participants compared to moments corresponding to low PS. This hypothesis was not supported. Our results show that PS can support the detection of attentionally engaging events over time. Currently, the relation between PS and engagement is only established for well-defined, interspersed stimuli, whereas the relation between PS and a more abstract self-reported metric of engagement over time has not been established. As the relation between PS and engagement is dependent on event type and physiological measure, we suggest to choose a measure matching with the stimulus of interest. When the stimulus type is unknown, a multimodal metric is most robust.

Arousal pattern following central and obstructive breathing abnormalities in infants and children

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2651-2657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances McNamara ◽  
Faiq G. Issa ◽  
Colin E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Respiratory Events ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
In Infants And Children

McNamara, Frances, Faiq G. Issa, and Colin E. Sullivan.Arousal pattern following central and obstructive breathing abnormalities in infants and children. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2651–2657, 1996.—We analyzed the polysomnographic records of 15 children and 20 infants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to examine the interaction between central and obstructive breathing abnormalities and arousal from sleep. Each patient was matched for age with an infant or child who had no OSA. We found that the majority of respiratory events in infants and children was not terminated with arousal. In children, arousals terminated 39.3 ± 7.2% of respiratory events during quiet sleep and 37.8 ± 7.2% of events during active (rapid-eye-movement) sleep. In infants, arousals terminated 7.9 ± 1.0% of events during quiet sleep and 7.9 ± 1.2% of events during active sleep. In both infants and children, however, respiratory-related arousals occurred more frequently after obstructive apneas and hypopneas than after central events. Spontaneous arousals occurred in all patients with OSA during quiet and active sleep. The frequency of spontaneous arousals was not different between children with OSA and their matched controls. During active sleep, however, infants with OSA had significantly fewer spontaneous arousals than did control infants. We conclude that arousal is not an important mechanism in the termination of respiratory events in infants and children and that electroencephalographic criteria are not essential to determine the clinical severity of OSA in the pediatric population.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the growth and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a closed recirculating hydroponic system

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael David Fraile-Robayo ◽  
Javier Giovanni Álvarez-Herrera ◽  
Andrea Johana Reyes M. ◽  
Omar Ferney Álvarez-Herrera ◽  
Ana Lucía Fraile-Robayo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Over Time

The production of lettuce in hydroponic systems with a recirculating nutrient solution has been growing, so it is necessary to evaluate the growth and quality of production under this system. Two harvest cycles were evaluated, comparing the behavior of physiological variables and growth rates on lettuce plants in a hydroponic system with a plastic cover. Lettuce plants were planted at 30 days after germination in an NFT hydroponic system. Nutrient solutions were prepared with sources of potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, urea phosphate, magnesium sulfate and a source of minor nutrifeed. The second cycle had the highest total dry mass and leaf area index (LAI) at 43 days after transplant (dat). The relative growth rate (RGR) declined over time. The absolute growth rate (AGR) presented a sigmoid behavior as a gaussian bell shape; the leaf area index (LAI) increased until 43 dat, with the second cycle presenting the highest value; the net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased over time, with the second cycle having the highest value at 22 dat. The chlorophyll content for this variety was low, with a yellow pigmentation in the plant. The stomatal conductance (SC) in the two cycles at transplant time presented low values caused by the stress leaded by an imbalance in the pH of the solution, when the plants adapted to the system, this value increased.

Changes in Sleep Architecture under Sustained Pain in Adult Male Rats Subjected to Neonatal Short-Lasting Local Inflammatory Insult

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-398
Author(s):  
Cheryl C.H. Yang ◽  
Shiang-Suo Huang ◽  
Chun-Ting Lai ◽  
Terry B.J. Kuo ◽  
Ya-Chun Chu
Keyword(s):  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intraplantar Injection ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Stimulation Of

Neonatal, short-lasting, local, nociceptive insult by carrageenan can cause long-term alterations in somatosensory and neurohumoral systems. We previously revealed hyporesponsiveness of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) after painful stimulation of adult rats in a neonatal carrageenan-induced pain model. Sleep disturbance has been highly correlated with pain and ANS activity. In the present study, adult rats that had received an intraplantar injection of carrageenan on postnatal day 1 were investigated to determine if there were alterations in their sleep architecture upon the stimulation of pain. Polysomnographic and heart rate variability recordings were carried out, with a wireless transmission of data, for 24 h under baseline conditions and after an intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant to induce sustained nociception. Increased active awake (AW) and decreased quiet sleep (QS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) times were noted in the control animals. In the carrageenan-treated rats, the AW time increased but with decreased alertness, as revealed by decreases in beta and increases in theta power. The QS time did not decrease. The PS time decreased during the first 12 h, then increased during the following 12 h, suggesting an early rebound of formerly deprived PS time. Sympathetic activation under sustained pain was not apparent in any stage of sleep in carrageenan-treated rats and was even suppressed in AW time. An impaired sympathetic reaction to pain may have contributed to the atypical changes in sleep architecture in these rats. In conclusion, pain in early life has a long-term effect on the cardiovascular-autonomic-electroencephalographic responses to pain later in life. The physiological relevance of these results remains undetermined.

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