Body dysmorphic disorder

SummaryBody dysmorphic disorder is a distressing and often disabling condition characterised by a preoccupation with imagined or slight physical defects in appearance. It has been recognised as a mental disorder for many years (and named body dysmorphic disorder since 1980), but epidemiological studies and clinical trials have been few. To a large extent, the disorder has been ignored by the mental health community, who often fail to elicit the diagnosis. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria for the disorder, its validity and its relationship to other disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, social phobia and somatisation disorders. The course of the illness, its aetiology and treatment approaches are discussed. As research is growing alongside an increase in patient presentations, body dysmorphic disorder requires a coherent response from healthcare services.

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50 Studies Every Psychiatrist Should Know

10.1093/med/9780190625085.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Cognitive Disorders ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Child And Adolescent Disorders

50 Studies Every Psychiatrist Should Know presents key studies that have shaped the clinical practice of psychiatry. Selected using a rigorous methodology, the studies cover a broad range of topics including anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, women's mental health, child and adolescent disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, personality disorders, psychiatry in primary care, cognitive disorders, and epidemiological studies with an emphasis on clinical trials. For each study, a concise summary is presented with an emphasis on the results and limitations of the study and its implications for practice. An illustrative clinical case concludes each review, followed by brief information on other relevant studies. This is one of the only books of its kind to present a collection of the most influential studies in psychiatry that are detailed enough to be used on rounds, but still easily digestible. It is a must-read for health-care professionals and anyone who wants to learn more about the data behind clinical practice.

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Affect and worry during a checking episode: A comparison of individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, body dysmorphic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and panic disorder

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.132 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 272 ◽

pp. 349-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrea S. Hartmann ◽

Martin Cordes ◽

Gerrit Hirschfeld ◽

Silja Vocks

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Panic Disorder ◽

Bulimia Nervosa ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Illness Anxiety Disorder ◽

Illness Anxiety

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Improving the Detection of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Clinical Practice

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.230 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 230-241

Author(s):

Sophie C. Schneider ◽

Eric A. Storch

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Suicide Risk ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Routine Clinical Practice ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

Physical Defects ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Anxiety Depression

The aim of this article is to raise awareness of the underdiagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in clinical practice and provide suggestions to overcome key barriers to BDD detection. Disclosure of BDD symptoms is uncommon during routine assessments but can be increased by asking specifically about such symptoms. When BDD symptoms are present, it is important to differentiate them from anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders, which may present with some similarities and are commonly comorbid with BDD. Assessment of BDD should be sensitive to issues of poor insight, elevated suicide risk, subthreshold BDD presentations, and the possibility of BDD by proxy. Furthermore, assessment should consider the potential impact of age, gender, ethnicity, and minor physical defects on the presentation of BDD. Improving the assessment of BDD in routine clinical practice will enhance disclosure, improve case conceptualization, and provide the opportunity to deliver appropriate treatment for this underdiagnosed and often serious disorder.

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Community model in treating obsessive–compulsive and body dysmorphic disorders

Psychiatric Bulletin ◽

10.1192/pb.bp.107.017509 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (9) ◽

pp. 336-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. M. Drummond ◽

A. Pillay ◽

P. J. Kolb ◽

S. Benson ◽

R. Fogg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Clinical Excellence ◽

Behavioural Therapy ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Stepped Care ◽

First Year ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Specialist Service ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Aims and MethodIn November 2005, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence published guidelines for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder. These guidelines incorporated a stepped care approach with different interventions advised throughout the patient pathway. South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust devised a system of expert clinicians with special expertise in OCD/body dysmorphic disorder to help deliver this model of care. To aid the delivery of service it was decided to operationalise the definitions of severity of OCD/body dysmorphic disorder at each of the stepped-care levels. Examples are given as to how this has been applied in practice. Outcome is presented in terms of clinical hours in the first year of operation.ResultsIn total, 108 patients were referred to the service in the first year. Many of these patients were treated by offering advice and support and joint working with the community mental health team and psychotherapy in primary care teams who had referred. Sixty-eight patients were treated by a member of the specialist service alone and 57 of these suffered from severe OCD. Outcome data from these 57 patients is presented using an intention-to-treat paradigm. They showed a clinically and statistically significant reduction in OCD symptoms after 24 weeks of cognitive–behavioural therapy comprising graded exposure and self-imposed response prevention. the mean Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score dropped from 28 (severe OCD) to 19 (considerable OCD). Depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory also decreased by an average 24% over the same period.Clinical ImplicationsThe feasibility of extending this model of service organisation to other areas and other diagnoses is discussed.

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The Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): The Pastoral Knowledge Explosion

Journal of Pastoral Care ◽

10.1177/002234099705100305 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 293-302

Author(s):

Robert M. Collie

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Pastoral Counselors ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Religious Traditions ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Arts And Sciences ◽

Health Community

Notes that although the obsessive compuslive disorder (OCD) is rich in religious qualities, it has tended to be neglected by pastoral counselors as well as by the secular mental health community. Observes that current OCD studies throw light on some historic figures, including leaders in various religious traditions. Challenges the pastoral arts and sciences to rethink some basic theological and biblical understandings OCD from its perspective of neurological and biological inheritance, thus providing pastoral services fresh new opportunities and openings

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A Systematic Review on TeleMental Health in Youth Mental Health: Focus on Anxiety, Depression and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57080793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (8) ◽

pp. 793

Author(s):

Laura Orsolini ◽

Simone Pompili ◽

Virginio Salvi ◽

Umberto Volpe

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Mental Health Care ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Selection Process ◽

Telemental Health ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Youth Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Depression

Background and Objectives: The Internet is widely used and disseminated amongst youngsters and many web-based applications may serve to improve mental health care access, particularly in remote and distant sites or in settings where there is a shortage of mental health practitioners. However, in recent years, specific digital psychiatry interventions have been developed and implemented for special populations such as children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: Hereby, we describe the current state-of-the-art in the field of TMH application for young mental health, focusing on recent studies concerning anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and affective disorders. Results: After screening and selection process, a total of 56 studies focusing on TMH applied to youth depression (n = 29), to only youth anxiety (n = 12) or mixed youth anxiety/depression (n = 7) and youth OCD (n = 8) were selected and retrieved. Conclusions: Telemental Health (TMH; i.e., the use of telecommunications and information technology to provide access to mental health assessment, diagnosis, intervention, consultation, supervision across distance) may offer an effective and efficacious tool to overcome many of the barriers encountering in the delivery of young mental health care.

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