Physiological Effects of Schizophrenic Body Fluids

1959 ◽  
Vol 105 (438) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith G. McGeer ◽  
Patrick L. McGeer
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Mental Disturbances

Controversy has raged for over half a century as to whether schizophrenia, the most severe of all mental illnesses, could have an organic basis or whether its origin lay strictly in the psyche. Over the years, physiologists have probed into almost every aspect of the soma in the quest for some abnormality which would account for the schizophrenic syndrome. Many possibilities have been considered, investigated to a degree and then abandoned when definitive answers were not forthcoming. A dominant approach throughout has been the search for some psychotoxic material circulating in schizophrenic body fluids. Activity has been spurred by the recurrent recognition that chemical agents such as the ergot alkaloids, mescaline, bulbocapnine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), could induce in normal persons transient mental disturbances similar to those seen in schizophrenia.

The Therapeutic Value of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Mental Illness

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (419) ◽  
pp. 491-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Sandison ◽  
A. M. Spencer ◽  
J. D. A. Whitelaw
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Secondary Amine ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Repressed Memories ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
One Year

D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25) was first prepared in 1938 by Stoll and Hofmann. It is the synthetic amide of d-lysergic acid with a secondary amine, diethylamine and belongs to the ergonovine group of ergot alkaloids all of which have lysergic acid as a base. After its ingestion in minute doses, it induces psychic states in which the subject becomes aware of repressed memories and other unconscious material in a setting of clear consciousness. This preliminary paper describes the results obtained from the use of the drug in 36 psychoneurotic patients over a period of one year. We consider that the drug will find a significant place in the treatment of the psychoneuroses and allied mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Validation of a New Sensitive Method for the Detection and Quantification of R and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids in Canadian Spring Wheat Utilizing Deuterated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Jensen Cherewyk ◽  
Taylor Grusie-Ogilvie ◽  
Barry Blakley ◽  
Ahmad Al-Dissi
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Sensitive Method

Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to quantify both configurations. The objective of this study was to validate a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of six R and six S-epimers of ergot alkaloids in hard red spring wheat utilizing deuterated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-D3) as an internal standard. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effects, recovery and precision were investigated. For the 12 epimers analyzed, low LOD and LOQ values were observed, allowing for the sensitive detection of ergot epimers. Matrix effects ranged between 101–113% in a representative wheat matrix. Recovery was 68.3–119.1% with an inter-day precision of <24% relative standard deviation (RSD). The validation parameters conform with previous studies and exhibit differences between the R and S-epimers which has been rarely documented. This new sensitive method allows for the use of a new internal standard and can be incorporated and applied to research or diagnostic laboratories.

scholarly journals Optimized Analysis of Ergot Alkaloids in Rye Products by Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Applying Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Holderied ◽  
Michael Rychlik ◽  
Paul Elsinghorst
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Internal Standardization ◽  
Syringe Filter ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Medium Type

Analysis of ergot alkaloids remains a topic of importance and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has encouraged laboratories to provide monitoring data for the further evaluation of their occurrence in food and feed. While LC-MS/MS has dominated developments in recent years, LC-FLD is still more widespread, especially in developing countries. To improve the analysis of ergot alkaloids by LC-FLD, we developed an improved protocol introducing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for internal standardization. Several aspects such as the composition and pH of the extraction medium, type of sorbent and conditions applied for solid-phase extraction/clean-up, use of a keeper during final evaporation and the type of syringe filter used for filtration prior to injection were thoroughly investigated. Optimized conditions comprise extraction by ethyl acetate, methanol and 28% aqueous ammonia in combination with basic aluminum oxide for extract clean-up. Use of a keeper was found inappropriate as LC-FLD analysis was significantly affected by co-eluting keeper components. Similar observations were made with some of the investigated syringe filters, where polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) proved to be the most suitable. Validation and application of the optimized methodology to real samples provided limits of detection and quantification suitable for the evaluation of relevant ergot alkaloid contaminations in rye and bakery products with superior precision that was facilitated by the introduced internal standard, LSD.

scholarly journals Changes in Online Psychoactive Substance Trade via Telegram during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Matthijs Blankers ◽  
Daan van der Gouwe ◽  
Lavinia Stegemann ◽  
Laura Smit-Rigter
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Other Substances

<b><i>Background:</i></b> In this article, we present an evaluation of online psychoactive substance trade via Telegram, a free encrypted social media messenger service. The evaluation took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, which allowed us to monitor the effects of the spring 2020 lockdown in the Netherlands on substance trade via Telegram. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this study was to evaluate whether changes in psychoactive substance trade on Telegram markets in the Netherlands can be observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Between December 2, 2019, and June 29, 2020, a total of 70,226 posts appeared in two analyzed Telegram groups. A total of 5,643 posts were psychoactive substance related. Based on the analyzed posts, Telegram is mostly a ‘“sellers” market as only a minority of the posts (6.3%) could be identified as a request for a substance. The proportion of posts related to specific substances varied between the periods before, during, and after the lockdown. The proportion of posts on the stimulants ecstasy, cocaine, and amphetamine was lower during the lockdown than before and after. For psychedelics – ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) – and other substances, there was a relative increase in the number of posts during the lockdown, which was maintained after the lockdown. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Telegram analysis shows that in the Netherlands, online psychoactive substance trade may have been affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The direction of this effect was different for different classes of substances.

Production of Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Science ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 126 (3281) ◽  
pp. 1020-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. ABRAMSON ◽  
B. SKLAROFSKY ◽  
M. O. BARON ◽  
N. FREMONT-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
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