Anterior Bifrontal ECT: A Clinical Trial

1973 ◽  
Vol 122 (570) ◽  
pp. 587-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Abrams ◽  
Michael Alan Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Bilateral Stimulation ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Therapeutic Advantage ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Unilateral ECT (U/ECT) produces therapeutic generalized convulsions with less amnesia and confusion than classical bilateral ECT (B/ECT). The clinical effects of these two methods have recendy been compared (Abrams et al., 1972) and reviewed (Abrams, 1972), with the conclusion that U/ECT is less effective than B/ECT in the treatment of depressed patients. Generalized seizures are induced with both methods, and we considered the possibility that the therapeutic advantage for B/ECT lay in its bilateral stimulation of the brain. An opportunity to evaluate the effects of bilateral stimulation exclusive of the temporal lobes arose at the suggestion of Inglis (1970) that seizures induced with treatment electrodes placed over the front of the head should improve mood but have less effect on memory than the other techniques.

Pavlov, Penfield, and the physiology of the mind

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Leblanc
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Conditioned Reflexes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Wilder Penfield's contributions to the structure–function relationships of the brain are well-known. Less well-known is the influence that Ivan Pavlov and the conditioned reflex had on Penfield's understanding of epileptogenesis, and on his concept of the acquisition of memories, language, and perception—what Penfield referred to as the physiology of the mind. Penfield invoked conditioned reflexes to explain responses to electrocortical stimulation of the temporal lobes that encompass memory, perception, and affect. Penfield referred to these responses as experiential phenomena since he considered that they constituted a record of past experiences. Penfield also invoked the conditioned reflex to explain the acquisition of the interpretive aspects of written and spoken language in the dominant temporal cortex. This article describes and discusses these neglected aspects of Penfield's work, and how they contributed to a broader understanding of the functional integration of the temporal cortex and the limbic system.

scholarly journals Translocation of the brain-type glucose transporter largely accounts for insulin stimulation of glucose transport in BC3H-1 myocytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Calderhead ◽  
K Kitagawa ◽  
G E Lienhard ◽  
G W Gould
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insulin Stimulation ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Insulin-stimulated glucose transport was examined in BC3H-1 myocytes. Insulin treatment lead to a 2.7 +/- 0.3-fold increase in the rate of deoxyglucose transport and, under the same conditions, a 2.1 +/- 0.1-fold increase in the amount of the brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT 1) at the cell surface. It has been shown that some insulin-responsive tissues express a second, immunologically distinct, transporter, namely GLUT 4. We report here that BC3H-1 myocytes and C2 and G8 myotubes express only GLUT 1; in contrast, rat soleus muscle and heart express 3-4 times higher levels of GLUT 4 than GLUT 1. Thus translocation of GLUT 1 can account for most, if not all, of the insulin stimulation of glucose transport in BC3H-1 myocytes. On the other, hand, neither BC3H-1 myocytes nor the other muscle-cell lines are adequate as models for the study of insulin regulation of glucose transport in muscle tissue.

Mechanical arrangement of the parasternal intercostals in the different interspaces

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1421-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Troyer ◽  
G. A. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diaphragmatic Paralysis ◽  
Bilateral Stimulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Muscle Shortening ◽  
In Series ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement ◽  
Stimulation Of

When the parasternal intercostal in a single interspace is selectively denervated in dogs with diaphragmatic paralysis, it continues to shorten during both quiet and occluded inspiration. In the present studies, we have tested the hypothesis that this passive parasternal inspiratory shortening is due to the action of the other parasternal intercostals. Changes in length of the denervated third right parasternal were measured in eight supine phrenicotomized animals. We found that 1) the inspiratory muscle shortening increased after denervation of the third left parasternal but gradually decreased with denervation of the parasternals situated in the second, fourth, and fifth interspaces; 2) the muscle, however, always continued to shorten during inspiration, even after denervation of all the parasternals; 3) stimulating selectively the third left parasternal caused a muscle lengthening; and 4) bilateral stimulation of the parasternals in the second or the fourth interspace produced a muscle shortening. We conclude that 1) the two parasternals situated in the same interspace on both sides of the sternum are mechanically arranged in series, whereas the parasternals located in adjacent interspaces are mechanically arranged in parallel; and 2) if a denervated parasternal continues to shorten during inspiration, this is in part because of the action of the parasternals in the adjacent interspaces and in part because of other inspiratory muscles of the rib cage, possibly the external intercostals and the levator costae.

Multiple conducting systems and the control of behaviour in the brain coral Meandrina meandrites (L.)

1978 ◽  
Vol 200 (1139) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Suction Electrode ◽  
Intense Light ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Oral Disk ◽  
Stimulation Of

Extracellular suction electrode recordings from tentacles of Meandrina provide evidence for three conducting systems. One system may be the colonial nerve net. It is through-conducting and occasionally gives multiple responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation. The other two systems are also normally through-conducting but they conduct very slowly and are termed slow systems. One slow system (SSo) is in the oral disk and the other (SSc) is in the tissue covering the thecal ridges (coenosarc). SSo pulses travel throughout the interconnected oral disk regions of the colony but also enter the SSc. SSc pulses travel over the entire coenosarc but cannot enter the SSo. Both slow systems are present in the tentacles. Repetitive stimulation of the SSo evokes oral disk expansion and tentacle extension, seemingly identical to the expansion that normally occurs at night when the colony shows tentacular feeding. Repetitive stimulation of the SSc also evokes slight tentacle extension but more noticeably causes the coenosarc to become turgid. Many colonies show coenosarc expansion during the day and this may alter the exposure of symbiotic zooxanthellae to sunlight. The SSo and SSc are spontaneously active and both show a marked increase in pulse frequency when exposed to dissolved food substances. The level of activity in each system may also be modified by changes in light intensity and the SSc and SSo may thus control respectively diurnal and nocturnal expansion of different parts of the colony. The colonial nerve net appears to coordinate fast and slow contractions. Intense light can increase the level of spon­taneous activity in the nerve net.

Convergence of olfactory inputs from both antennae in the brain of the honeybee

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
H Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Stimulation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Impulse Frequency ◽  
Electrical Activities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antenna Input ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical activities of the olfactory neurones in the brain of the honeybee were investigated. Odorous stimuli were given to each antenna separately or to both simultaneously. The inputs from the antennae affected both the impulse frequency and the latency of the olfactory interneurones in the protocerebrum. The predominant response was to the stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna. Input from the contralateral antenna produced mainly excitatory effects, although a few inputs gave inhibitory effects. No particular relationships between the loci of the units in the brain and the types of responses produced were found. Most of the units were located in the protocerebral lobe and in the central commissure. The units in the deutocerebrum responded only to the stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna, and the magnitude of response and the latency were not different with respect to unilateral or bilateral stimulation of the antennae. Differences in latency between unilateral and bilateral stimulation were observed in some of the units in the protocerebrum. Neural models which explain these phenomena are postulated.

scholarly journals THE RESPIRATORY RATE OF THE SCIATIC NERVE OF THE FROG IN REST AND ACTIVITY

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. With the indicator method of Haas, the rates of carbon dioxide production have been measured in the case of the sciatic nerve, various parts of the brain, and the sartorius muscle of the frog. The rate of respiration of the sciatic nerve is from 10 to 30 per cent of that of the other tissues, varying somewhat with the individual. 2. Stimulation of the sciatic nerve with induction shocks sufficient to induce tetanus of the muscle does not increase the output of carbon dioxide from the sciatic nerve, even if continued as long as 30 minutes. Sartorius muscle used as a control showed a marked increase in carbon dioxide production upon relaxation after contraction resulting from such stimulation. 3. These facts indicate that the nerve impulse does not depend upon processes leading to the production of carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals The Effect of Unilateral and Bilateral Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on Improving the Balance of the Elderly

Salmand ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-323
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Shouhani ◽  
◽  
Mohsen Jalilian ◽  
Sajad Parsaei ◽  
Farhad Modara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bilateral Stimulation ◽  
Unilateral Stimulation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anode Electrode ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Group ◽  
Stimulation Of

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulation of the brain on balance in the elderly. Methods & Materials: Thirty-six elderly in Ilam City, Iran, participated in the study. In the pretest, the static balance was taken, and then the participants were randomly divided into three groups: unilateral brain stimulation, bilateral brain stimulation, and sham. The intervention took in 3 sessions. In the unilateral stimulation group, the anode electrode was positioned at the O point, and the cathode was above the left ophthalmic cavity (FP1). In the bilateral stimulation group, the anode electrode was positioned at O1, and the cathode was positioned at O2. The intensity of stimulation was 2 mA, and the duration of treatment was 15 minutes per session. In the control group, the anode and cathode electrodes were placed on the O and FP1 points, respectively, but the excitation current was stopped after 30 seconds. After the last training session, the posttest was performed. The obtained data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA. Results: The Results showed no statistically significant difference between the three groups in the pretest phase (P<0.535). But at posttest, there was a difference between groups (P<0.002). Post-hoc test Results showed a difference between unilateral stimulation with the control group (P=0.001) and bilateral stimulation with the control group (P=0.005). But there was no significant difference between the unilateral stimulation group and the bilateral stimulation group (P=0.599). Conclusion: Unilaterally and bilaterally, cerebellar stimulation can be improved in the elderly.

Interaction Between Developing Spinal Locomotor Networks in the Neonatal Mouse

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian T. Gordon ◽  
Mary J. Dunbar ◽  
Kimberly J. Vanneste ◽  
Patrick J. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neonatal Mice ◽  
Complete Transection ◽  
Synchronous Oscillations ◽  
Rhythm Stability ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

At birth, thoracosacral spinal cord networks in mouse can produce a coordinated locomotor-like pattern. In contrast, less is known about the cervicothoracic networks that generate forelimb locomotion. Here we show that cervical networks can produce coordinated rhythmic patterns in the brain stem-spinal cord preparation of the mouse. Segmentally the C5 and C8 neurograms were each found to be alternating left-right, and the ipsilateral C5 and C8 neurograms also alternated. Collectively these patterns were suggestive of locomotor-like activity. This pattern was not dependent on the presence of thoracosacral segments because they could be evoked following a complete transection of the spinal cord at T5. We next demonstrated that activation of thoracosacral networks either pharmacologically or by stimulation of sacrocaudal afferents could produce rhythmic activity within the C5 and C8 neurograms. On the other hand, pharmacological activation of cervical networks did not evoke alternating cervical rhythmic activity either in isolated cervicothoracic or -sacral preparations. Under these conditions, we found that activation of cervicothoracic networks could alter the timing of thoracosacral locomotor-like patterns. When thoracosacral networks were not activated pharmacologically but received rhythmic drive from cervicothoracic networks, a pattern of slow bursts with superimposed fast synchronous oscillations became the dominant lumbar neurogram pattern. Our data suggest that in neonatal mice the cervical CPG is capable of producing coordinated rhythmic patterns in the absence of input from lumbar segments, but caudorostral drive contributes to cervical patterns and rhythm stability.

A Report on the Effects of Phenelzine (Nardil), a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor, in Depressed Patients

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (445) ◽  
pp. 1533-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Middlefell ◽  
I. Frost ◽  
G. P. Egan ◽  
H. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Mediator ◽  
Normal Concentration ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Depressive States

Phenelzine, β-phenylethylhydrazine, of structural formula, is regarded as a potent, rapidly acting, long-lasting monoamine oxidase (M.A.O.) inhibitor. The administration of such compounds protects 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) which is destroyed by M.A.O. 5-hydroxytryptamine is believed to act in the brain as a chemical mediator, the function of which is to control the pulsating action of oligodendroglial cells which supply the other brain tissues with nutrient. It has been suggested that a relative 5-hydroxytryptamine deficiency is the fundamental biochemical disorder of severe depressive states and that M.A.O. inhibitors such as phenelzine tend to promote restoration to more normal concentration and activity.

Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Richardson ◽  
Huda Akil
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spontaneous Pain ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Electrical Brain Stimulation ◽  
Periaqueductal Gray Matter ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Acute studies performed in five patients indicate that electrical stimulation of the brain could be a powerful tool for the reduction or control of intractable pain. While chronic or spontaneous pain could be relieved by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter, the accompanying side effects render it impossible to stimulate this site regularly. On the other hand, stimulation of medial thalamic sites, particularly medial to the nucleus parafascicularis, yielded good relief of chronic pain at parameters which did not cause many undesirable side effects. The same parameters also produced inhibition of acute pain in two of the five patients.

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