Schizophrenia Following Pre-natal Exposure to Influenza Epidemics Between 1939 and 1960

Abstract Since the third wave of democracy, term limits have become a popular fixture of most constitutions intended to constrain the executive. Yet, recent constitutional reforms around the world show that presidents seeking re-election sometimes overturn the entire constitutional order to extend their power. What is the impact of these constitutional manipulations on the longevity of the executive in office? Using survival analysis of all political leaders and national constitutions from 1875 to 2015, this article demonstrates, for the first time, that when ‘authoritarian-aspiring’ presidents remove constitutional term limits, they increase their stay in office by more than 40%. Our findings contrast with a widely held position in the comparative authoritarian literature suggesting that dictators survive longer under institutional constraints. On the contrary, we argue that by removing constitutional barriers, rulers consolidate more power at the expense of their most ambitious allies and can stay in power longer.

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The Relationship of Schizophrenic Births to 16 Infectious Diseases

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.165.3.353 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 165 (3) ◽

pp. 353-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

E. O'Callaghan ◽

P. C. Sham ◽

N. Takei ◽

G. Murray ◽

G. Glover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Poisson Regression ◽

The Other ◽

Data Sets ◽

Poisson Regression Model ◽

England And Wales ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

First Admission

BackgroundRecently, several investigators have reported an association between influenza epidemics and increased birth rates of ‘preschizophrenic’ individuals some four to six months later. Here we examine whether maternal exposure to other infectious diseases can also predispose the foetus to later schizophrenia.MethodTwo independent sets of dates of birth of first admission schizophrenic patients, born between 1938 and 1965 in England and Wales, were obtained from the Mental Health Enquiry in England and Wales. Data on the number of deaths per month from 16 infectious diseases between 1937 and 1965 in England and Wales were also collected. We used a Poisson regression model to examine the relationship between deaths from infectious diseases and schizophrenic births.ResultsIn the two separate data sets, increased national deaths from bronchopneumonia preceded, by three and five months respectively, increased numbers of schizophrenic births. We did not find any other significant associations between schizophrenic births and any of the other 15 infectious diseases.ConclusionsThe association between deaths from bronchopneumonia and increased schizophrenic births some months later may be a reflection of the fact that bronchopneumonia deaths increase markedly during influenza epidemics.

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Concerning the Relationship Between Non-Spatiotemporality and Unknowability of Things in Themselves in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason

The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy ◽

10.5840/wcp20-paideia199811233 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan Adolfo Bonaccini

Keyword(s):

Necessary Conditions ◽

Pure Reason ◽

Main Argument ◽

Critique Of Pure Reason ◽

The Third ◽

Space And Time ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

In the present paper is analyzed the relationship between Kant's theses concerning unknowability and non-spatiotemporality of things in themselves. First of all, it is argued that even by taking for granted that the Unknowability Thesis does not contradict the Non-Spatiotemporality Thesis, because the former can be thought as a consequence of the latter, this is not enough to avoid another problem, namely, that the Non-Spatiotemporality Thesis is not sufficient to abolish the possibility of thinking consistently of space and time as empirical or material. It is also remembered that this point has already been partially envisaged for the first time by H.A. Pistorius (and later by A. Trendelenburg) and raised as the objection of the "third possibility" or "neglected alternative." Furthermore, it is maintained that although Kant tries to eliminate this possibility in the Metaphysical Expositions of Space and Time (but not in the Antinomies), by attempting to prove that space and time are only formal necessary conditions of sensibility, he cannot do it successfully. Hereafter it is argued that his circumstance is not due to the above objection itself, but to another difficulty that can only be grasped through the analysis of Kant's main argument in the Metaphysical Expositions of Transcendental Aesthetic. Ultimately, in order to show this difficulty, it is argued first that insofar as the Non-spatiotemporality Thesis supposes the validity of the Singularity Thesis, and this supposes the validity of the Apriority Thesis, the whole force of proof reposes on this latter. Secondly, it is shown that, despite his effort, Kant could not justify satisfactorily his claim to the formal apriority of space and time because of his failure to demonstrate necessarily the Apriority Thesis.

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ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY

The Review of Symbolic Logic ◽

10.1017/s1755020312000020 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 294-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

ANDREW ARANA ◽

PAOLO MANCOSU

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Practice ◽

Problem Area ◽

Methodological Issues ◽

The Third ◽

Solid Geometry ◽

The Subject ◽

Desargues Theorem ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Traditional geometry concerns itself with planimetric and stereometric considerations, which are at the root of the division between plane and solid geometry. To raise the issue of the relation between these two areas brings with it a host of different problems that pertain to mathematical practice, epistemology, semantics, ontology, methodology, and logic. In addition, issues of psychology and pedagogy are also important here. To our knowledge there is no single contribution that studies in detail even one of the aforementioned areas.In this paper our major concern is with methodological issues of purity and thus we treat the connection to other areas of the planimetry/stereometry relation only to the extent necessary to articulate the problem area we are after.Our strategy will be as follows. In the first part of the paper we will give a rough sketch of some key episodes in mathematical practice that relate to the interaction between plane and solid geometry. The sketch is given in broad strokes and only with the intent of acquainting the reader with some of the mathematical context against which the problem emerges. In the second part, we will look at a debate (on “fusionism”) in which for the first time methodological and foundational issues related to aspects of the mathematical practice covered in the first part of the paper came to the fore. We conclude this part of the paper by remarking that only through a foundational and philosophical effort could the issues raised by the debate on “fusionism” be made precise. The third part of the paper focuses on a specific case study which has been the subject of such an effort, namely the foundational analysis of the plane version of Desargues’ theorem on homological triangles and its implications for the relationship between plane and solid geometry. Finally, building on the foundational case study analyzed in the third section, we begin in the fourth section the analytic work necessary for exploring various important claims about “purity,” “content,” and other relevant notions.

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Placing Berlin in the Music

Sounding Jewish in Berlin ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190064433.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 156-189

Author(s):

Phil Alexander

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Detailed Analysis ◽

Traditional Music ◽

Main Body ◽

The Third ◽

Musical Production ◽

Starting Point ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

This chapter presents the third element fundamental to an overall picture: the music itself, with specific focus on the relationship between music, text, and the city. The chapter begins with a wider discussion of music’s role in sounding urban geographies. This is then set against the indeterminacy and ambiguities of “placing” klezmer music—a result of mid-twentieth-century rupture, subsequent postwar cultural submergence, and the transnationalism of its contemporary revival. The main body of the chapter is devoted to the specific ways that the city of Berlin is articulated through its klezmer music. In order to do this, the chapter takes as its starting point sociologist Adam Krims’s flexible concept of “urban ethos,” applying this for the first time to the processes of traditional music. Through detailed analysis of a series of musical examples, it shows the important ways in which the city of Berlin is made meaningful in its klezmer music—how exactly, through both music and text, the city functions as a significant musical-semantic unit. The musicians discussed include ?Shmaltz!, Daniel Kahn, and Knoblauch Klezmer Band, and the analysis is supported by detailed transcriptions and interview material. Throughout the chapter and through the work of these different artists, certain themes reappear—themes particularly pertinent to Berlin and Jewish musical production. These include notions of escape, borders, and transgression and the dialogue between visible and hidden histories. The chapter also uses David Kaminsky’s theorization of the “New Old Europe Sound” to question and problematize some of the urban expressions discussed.

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Breast milk sodium concentration, sodium intake and weight loss in breast-feeding newborn infants

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507280572 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 344-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Rosa Manganaro ◽

Lucia Marseglia ◽

Carmelo Mamì ◽

Antonella Palmara ◽

Antonina Paolata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Sodium Concentration ◽

The Third ◽

Percentage Weight ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Elevated breast milk (BM) Na concentration is regarded as responsible for elevated Na intake. To verify the clinical significance of milk Na concentration, we studied the relationship between BM Na+ concentration and infants' daily Na+ intake, infants' daily BM intake (DBMI) and percentage weight loss (%WL) in healthy newborn infants. All mothers who gave birth to a single healthy infant, between February and March 2004 at the Obstetric Clinic of University of Messina (Italy), were invited to participate if they were willing to attempt to breastfeed exclusively. BM Na+ concentration, DBMI, Na+ intake and %WL were determined on the third day after delivery. Statistical analysis was performed by Spearman's correlation test, classification and regression trees and the generalised linear model. Of the 270 eligible mothers, 208 participated in the study. The results showed that on the third day postpartum BM Na+ concentration was 23·05 (sd 1·10) mmol/l, mean DBMI was 202 (sd 68·9) g/d, and mean Na+ intake was 4·36 (sd 0·22) mmol/d and 1·36 (sd 0·07) mmol/kg per d. BM Na+ concentration was inversely related to infant DBMI, and Na+ intake was directly related to infant DBMI and not to BM Na+ concentration. %WL was significantly correlated only to DBMI. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate, for the first time, that when lactogenesis is suboptimal, BM Na+ concentration is higher, but infants' Na+ intake is lower. Finally, the present data probably suggest that for the clinical assessment of breast-feeding, evaluation of milk intake remains the best method.

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A Huntington’s disease (HD) phenocopy leads to the identification of the HD toxin as polyalanine. The relationship between repeat length and age of onset can be reframed as a rate equation and the toxic polyalanine length is found to be about 30.6.

10.20944/preprints201905.0383.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Eugen Tarnow

Keyword(s):

Rate Equation ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Repeat Sequence ◽

Repeat Length ◽

Cag Repeat ◽

Reading Frame ◽

The Third ◽

Repeat Expansions ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Huntington’s disease (HD) is one of the most well defined “repeat diseases”, associated with a short repeated genetic sequence, CAG.First, taking into account that a phenocopy of HD has a different repeat that is associated with a different gene, I suggest that the gene is not important for HD, only the repeat sequence is important, in agreement with Lee et al (2019) who reached the same conclusion using a GWAS technique.Second, taking into account that a phenocopy of HD has a CTG repeat rather than a CAG repeat, and that the toxin should be the same for both disease types and that the third base in a codon is the least important, I suggest that the reading frame is shifted for the repeat expansions and that the A/T substitution takes place on the third base. The most likely sense and antisense reading frames are then (GCA)n and (GCT)n and (GCT)n and (GCA)n and the corresponding amino acid is polyalanine.Third, the more repeats, the earlier the HD onset (Brinkman et al, 1997; Wexler, 2004). I suggest that this relationship can be thought of as a rate equation. If the concentration is proportional to the probability of creating a polyalanine of length m in a repeat expansion of length n, the corresponding equation is borne out by the data on age of onset and repeat length and m is found to be about 30.6. This explains for the first time, at least approximately, why HD is not active unless there are at least 36 CAG repeats.If true, HD may be the first disease where frameshifting is the cause of the disease.

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History of emergence of Freemasonry in the early XVIII – late XIX centuries

Genesis исторические исследования ◽

10.25136/2409-868x.2021.2.32403 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 61-71

Author(s):

Mariya Viktorovna Khil'chenko

Keyword(s):

Scientific Information ◽

Russian Language ◽

Ancient History ◽

The Third ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Xix Century ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Russian Language

This article is dedicated to the history of emergence of the Masonic lodge in England and disclosure of the concept of “freemason”. The author reveals and describes the peculiarities of the emergence of Freemasonry, tracing its evolution from the antiquity until the XIX century. Its ancient history is divided into the two main periods (prior and after 1717, i.e. the creation of the Grand Lodge in England). The article describes such events from the history of Freemasonry as the establishment of the First Grand Lodge in England; creation of the Premier Lodge, Anderson’s Constitutions, and the Third Degree; the Great Schism of Freemasonry that tool place 1877; the Taxil hoax. Analysis is conducted on the relationship between the English and French factions of Freemasonry. The obtained results are accurate, since the analysis of the history of Freemasonry was carried based on the wide range of historical facts. The comprehensive analysis of the history of emergence of Freemasonry is carried out for the first time within the Russian-language historical literature, which defines the scientific novelty of this work. The author outlines the further prospects for studying the history of Freemasonry, such as accumulation of the reliable scientific information on the early history of the lodge, examination of the history of other Masonic factions (French, Italian, etc.), as well as the origin of Freemasonry in Russia.

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A Huntington’s Disease (HD) Phenocopy Leads to the Identification of the HD Toxin as Polyalanine. The Relationship Between Repeat Length and Age of Onset Can Be Reframed as a Rate Equation and the Toxic Polyalanine Length Is Found to Be about 30.6.

10.20944/preprints201905.0383.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Eugen Tarnow

Keyword(s):

Rate Equation ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Repeat Sequence ◽

Repeat Length ◽

Cag Repeat ◽

Reading Frame ◽

The Third ◽

Repeat Expansions ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Huntington’s disease (HD) is one of the most well defined “repeat diseases”, associated with a short repeated genetic sequence, CAG.First, taking into account that a phenocopy of HD has a different repeat that is associated with a different gene, I suggest that the gene is not important for HD, only the repeat sequence is important, in agreement with Lee et al (2019) who reached the same conclusion using a GWAS technique.Second, taking into account that a phenocopy of HD has a CTG repeat rather than a CAG repeat, and that the toxin should be the same for both disease types and that the third base in a codon is the least important, I suggest that the reading frame is shifted for the repeat expansions and that the A/T substitution takes place on the third base. The most likely sense and antisense reading frames are then (GCA)n and (GCT)n and (GCT)n and (GCA)n and the corresponding amino acid is polyalanine.Third, the more repeats, the earlier the HD onset (Brinkman et al, 1997; Wexler, 2004). I suggest that this relationship can be thought of as a rate equation. If the concentration is proportional to the probability of creating a polyalanine of length m in a repeat expansion of length n, the corresponding equation is borne out by the data on age of onset and repeat length and m is found to be about 30.6. This explains for the first time, at least approximately, why HD is not active unless there are at least 36 CAG repeats.If true, HD may be the first disease where frameshifting is the cause of the disease.

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Affirmative Action and Leadership Attitudes in Brazilian Women Managers

Journal of Personnel Psychology ◽

10.1027/1866-5888/a000039 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gazi Islam ◽

Sarah E. S. Zilenovsky

Keyword(s):

Affirmative Action ◽

Latin American ◽

Women Managers ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

Preferential Selection ◽

Justice Perceptions ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

This note examines the relationship between affirmative action (AA) program perceptions and women’s self-ascribed capacity and desire to become leaders. We propose that women who believe that their organization implements a program of preferential selection toward women will experience negative psychological effects leading to lowered self-expectations for leadership, but that this effect will be moderated by their justice perceptions of AA programs. We test this proposition empirically for the first time with a Latin American female sample. Among Brazilian women managers, desire but not self-ascribed capacity to lead was reduced when they believed an AA policy was in place. Both desire’s and capacity’s relationships with belief in an AA policy were moderated by justice perceptions.

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