Mortality after electroconvulsive therapy

Background There are limited studies examining mortality associated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and many studies do not include a control group or method to identify all patient deaths. Aims We aimed to evaluate the risk of death associated with ECT treatments over 30 days and 1 year. Method We conducted a study analysing electronic medical record data from the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system between 2000 and 2017. We compared mortality among patients who received ECT with a matched group of patients created through propensity score matching. Results Our sample included 123 479 individual ECT treatments provided to 8720 patients (including 5157 initial index courses of ECT). Mortality associated with individual ECT treatments was 3.08 per 10 000 treatments over the first 7 days after treatment. When comparing patients who received ECT with a matched group of mental health patients, those receiving ECT had a relative odds of all-cause mortality in the year after their index course of 0.87 (95% CI 0.79–1.11; P = 0.10), and a relative risk of death from causes other than suicide of 0.79 (95% CI 0.66–0.95; P < 0.01). The similar relative odds of all-cause mortality in the first 30 days after ECT was 1.06 (95% CI 0.65–1.73) for all-cause mortality, and 1.02 (95% CI 0.58–1.8) for all-cause mortality excluding suicide deaths. Conclusions There was no evidence of elevated or excess mortality after ECT. There was some indication that mortality may be reduced in patients receiving ECT compared with similar patients who do not receive ECT.

Download Full-text

Comparison all-cause mortality between individuals with COVID-19 and propensity-score-matched individuals without COVID-19 in South Korea

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab057 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tak Kyu Oh ◽

In-Ae Song ◽

Kyoung-Ho Song ◽

Young-Tae Jeon

Keyword(s):

Propensity Score ◽

South Korea ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Based ◽

Control Group ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

High Hazard Ratio ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background We compared all-cause mortality between individuals in South Korea with and without coronavirus disease (COVID-19), using propensity score (PS)-matching. Methods This population-based cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service COVID-19 cohort database. In the database, we included individuals (COVID-19 patients, control population, and test-negative individuals) aged 20 years or older, regardless of hospitalization. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality between January 1, 2020 and August 27, 2020. Results A total of 328,374 adults were included in the study: 7,713 and 320,660 in the COVID-19 group and the control group, respectively. After PS-matching, a total of 15,426 individuals (7,713 per group) were included in the analysis. All-cause mortality 3.2% (248/7,713) and 1.6% (126/7,713) in the COVID-19 group and the control group, respectively. In Cox regression analysis after PS-matching, the risk of death in the COVID-19 group was twice as high (hazard ratio: 2.00; 95% confidence interval: 1.61 to 2.48; P<0.001) than that in the control group. Among patients aged ≥60 years, the COVID-19 group had a 2.32-fold higher all-cause mortality compared with the control group, while statistically statistical differences were not observed in the age groups 20–39 years (P=0.339) and 40–59 years (P=0.562). Conclusions In South Korea, all-cause mortality was twice as high among individuals with COVID-19 than among those with similar underlying risks, primarily because of the elevated COVID-19-associated mortality in those aged ≥60 years. Our results highlight the need for prevention of COVID-19 with respect to mortality as a public health outcome.

Download Full-text

Clinical Outcomes of Incidental Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer and Noncancer Patients: The SWIss Venous ThromboEmbolism Registry (SWIVTER)

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1720977 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Spirk ◽

Tim Sebastian ◽

Stefano Barco ◽

Martin Banyai ◽

Jürg H. Beer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Recurrence Rate ◽

Anticoagulation Therapy ◽

Early Mortality ◽

Recurrence Rates ◽

Patients With Cancer ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Baseline Characteristics

Abstract Objective In patients with cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE), the risk of recurrence is similar after incidental and symptomatic events. It is unknown whether the same applies to incidental VTE not associated with cancer. Methods and Results We compared baseline characteristics, anticoagulation therapy, all-cause mortality, and VTE recurrence rates at 90 days between patients with incidental (n = 131; 52% without cancer) and symptomatic (n = 1,931) VTE included in the SWIss Venous ThromboEmbolism Registry (SWIVTER). After incidental VTE, 114 (87%) patients received anticoagulation therapy for at least 3 months. The mortality rate was 9.2% after incidental and 8.4% after symptomatic VTE for hazard ratio (HR) 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–2.50). After adjustment for competing risk of death, recurrence rate was 3.1 versus 2.8%, respectively, for sub-HR 1.07 (95% CI 0.39–2.93). These results were consistent among cancer (mortality: 15.9% vs. 12.6%; HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.67–2.59; recurrence: 4.8% vs. 4.7%; HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.30–3.42) and noncancer patients (mortality: 2.9% vs. 2.1%; HR 1.37, 95% CI 0.33–5.73; recurrence: 1.5% vs. 2.3%; HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.09–4.58). Patients with incidental VTE who received anticoagulation therapy for at least 3 months had lower mortality (4% vs. 41%) and recurrence rate (1% vs. 18%) compared with those who did not. Conclusion In SWIVTER, more than half of incidental VTE events occurred in noncancer patients who often received anticoagulation therapy. Among noncancer patients, early mortality and recurrence rates were similar after incidental versus symptomatic VTE. Our findings suggest that anticoagulation therapy for incidental VTE may be beneficial regardless of the presence of cancer.

Download Full-text

Functional Decline in Emergency Department Patients with Dyspnea; a Register-Based Cohort

International Journal for Quality in Health Care ◽

10.1093/intqhc/mzab047 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karoline Stentoft Rybjerg Larsen ◽

Marianne Lisby ◽

Hans Kirkegaard ◽

Annemette Krintel Petersen

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Electronic Patient Record ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Record Data ◽

Emergency Department Patients ◽

One Year ◽

Historic Cohort

Abstract Background Functional decline is associated with frequent hospital admissions and elevated risk of death. Presumably patients acutely admitted to hospital with dyspnea have a high risk of functional decline. The aim of this study was to describe patient characteristics, hospital trajectory, and use of physiotherapy services of dyspneic patients in an emergency department. Furthermore, to compare readmission and death among patients with and without a functional decline, and to identify predictors of functional decline. Methods Historic cohort study of patients admitted to a Danish Emergency Department using prospectively collected electronic patient record data from a Business Intelligence Registry of the Central Denmark Region. The study included adult patients that due to dyspnea in 2015 were treated at the emergency department (ED). The main outcome measures were readmission, death, and functional decline. Results In total 2,048 dyspneic emergency treatments were registered. Within 30 days after discharge 20% was readmitted and 3.9% had died. Patients with functional decline had a higher rate of 30-day readmission (31.2% vs. 19.1%, p<0.001) and mortality (9.3% vs. 3.6%, p=0.009) as well as mortality within one year (36.1% vs. 13.4%, p<0.001). Predictors of functional decline were age ≥60 years and hospital stay ≥6 days. Conclusion Patients suffering from acute dyspnea are seen at the ED at all hours. In total one in five patients were readmitted and 3.9% died within 30 days. Patients with a functional decline at discharge seems to be particularly vulnerable.

Download Full-text

Cardiac Rupture—The Most Serious Complication of Takotsubo Syndrome: A Series of Five Cases and a Systematic Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10051066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1066

Author(s):

Małgorzata Zalewska-Adamiec ◽

Hanna Bachórzewska-Gajewska ◽

Sławomir Dobrzycki

Keyword(s):

Female Gender ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Cardiac Rupture ◽

Control Group ◽

Mechanical Complication ◽

Takotsubo Syndrome ◽

St Segment Elevation ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

St Segment

Background: The most serious complication of the acute Takotsubo phase is a myocardial perforation, which is rare, but it usually results in the death of the patient. Methods: In the years 2008–2020, 265 patients were added to the Podlasie Takotsubo Registry. Cardiac rupture was observed in five patients (1.89%), referred to as the Takotsubo syndrome with complications of cardiac rupture (TS+CR) group. The control group consisted of 50 consecutive patients with uncomplicated TS. The diagnosis of TS was based on the Mayo Clinic Criteria. Results: Cardiac rupture was observed in women with TS aged 74–88 years. Patients with TS and CR were older (82.20 vs. 64.84; p = 0.011), than the control group, and had higher troponin, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and blood glucose levels (168.40 vs. 120.67; p = 0.010). The TS+CR group demonstrated a higher heart rate (95.75 vs. 68.38; p < 0.0001) and the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores (186.20 vs. 121.24; p < 0.0001) than the control group. In patients with CR, ST segment elevation was recorded significantly more often in the III, V4, V5 and V6 leads. Left ventricular free wall rupture was noted in four patients, and in one case, rupture of the ventricular septum. In a multivariate logistic regression, the factors that increase the risk of CR in TS were high GRACE scores, and the presence of ST segment elevation in lead III. Conclusions: Cardiac rupture in TS is rare but is the most severe mechanical complication and is associated with a very high risk of death. The main risk factors for left ventricular perforation are female gender, older age, a higher concentration of cardiac enzymes, higher GRACE scores, and ST elevations shown using electrocardiogram (ECG).

Download Full-text

Benefits of tafamidis in patients with advanced transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

C Rapezzi ◽

A.V Kristen ◽

B Gundapaneni ◽

M.B Sultan ◽

M Hanna

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Nyha Class ◽

Funding Source ◽

Class Iii ◽

Private Company ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

6Mwt Distance ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Amyloid Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background In the Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial (ATTR-ACT), tafamidis was shown to be an effective treatment for patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). Further assessment of the efficacy of tafamidis in patients with more advanced ATTR-CM would aid treatment decisions. Purpose To characterize the benefits of tafamidis in patients with advanced ATTR-CM. Methods In ATTR-ACT, ATTR-CM patients were randomized to tafamidis (n=264) or placebo (n=177) for 30 months. Efficacy outcomes included all-cause mortality and frequency of cardiovascular (CV)-related hospitalisations. Key secondary endpoints were change from baseline to Month 30 in 6MWT distance and KCCQ-OS score. Efficacy assessments in NYHA Class III patients at baseline (n=141) were a pre-specified analysis. In a post-hoc analysis, mortality and CV-related hospitalizations were assessed in all patients grouped into quartiles of increasing disease severity based on 6MWT distance at baseline. Longer-term all-cause mortality (as of 1 Aug 2019) was assessed in NYHA Class III patients utilizing data from ATTR-ACT patients who enrolled in a long-term, extension study (LTE) and continued treatment with higher dose tafamidis (n=55; median treatment duration 51.6 months); or, if previously treated with placebo, started tafamidis treatment (placebo/tafamidis; n=63 [50.1 months]). Results In advanced ATTR-CM patients (NYHA Class III), tafamidis reduced the risk of death (HR [95% CI] 0.837, [0.541, 1.295], P=0.4253), and the decline in 6MWT distance (LS mean [SE], 31.6 (22.1) m; P=0.1526) and KCCQ-OS score (LS mean [SE], 13.1 (5.0); P=0.0090), vs placebo. Paradoxically, there was a higher frequency of CV-related hospitalizations with tafamidis (RR [95% CI] vs placebo, 1.411 [1.048, 1.900]). In all patients by 6MWT quartile, CV-related hospitalizations/year with tafamidis and placebo increased with disease severity, with the exception that placebo-treated patients in the highest severity quartile had fewer CV-related hospitalisations (0.73) than those in the third quartile (0.92). Mortality with tafamidis and placebo increased, and was greater with placebo, in every quartile (Figure). Survival (NYHA Class III patients in ATTR-ACT and LTE) was improved with high dose tafamidis with longer term follow-up (HR vs placebo/tafamidis [95% CI], 0.6569 [0.4175, 1.0336]; P=0.0692). Conclusions These analyses, including longer-term follow-up, demonstrate that patients with advanced ATTR-CM benefit from tafamidis. The decrease in CV-related hospitalisations in more severe patients treated with placebo suggests that the comparatively greater hospitalisation frequency in NYHA Class III patients treated with tafamidis is a consequence of their lower mortality rate. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): This study was sponsored by Pfizer

Download Full-text

Seasonal Influenza and Low Flu Vaccination Coverage as Important Factors Modifying the Costs and Availability of Hospital Services in Poland: A Retrospective Comparative Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105173 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5173

Author(s):

Robert Susło ◽

Piotr Pobrotyn ◽

Lidia Brydak ◽

Łukasz Rypicz ◽

Urszula Grata-Borkowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Season ◽

Influenza Infection ◽

Hospital Staff ◽

University Hospital ◽

Control Group ◽

Admission Rates ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

The Mean ◽

Retrospective Comparative Study ◽

The Cost

Introduction: Influenza infection is associated with potential serious complications, increased hospitalization rates, and a higher risk of death. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative analysis of selected indicators of hospitalization from the University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland, was carried out on patients with confirmed influenza infection in comparison to a control group randomly selected from among all other patients hospitalized on the respective wards during the 2018–2019 influenza season. Results: The mean laboratory testing costs for the entire hospital were 3.74-fold higher and the mean imaging test costs were 4.02-fold higher for patients with confirmed influenza than for the control group; the hospital expenses were additionally raised by the cost of antiviral therapy, which is striking when compared against the cost of a single flu vaccine. During the 2018–2019 influenza season, influenza infections among the hospital patients temporarily limited the healthcare service availability in the institution, which resulted in reduced admission rates to the departments related to internal medicine; the mean absence among the hospital staff totaled approximately 7 h per employee, despite 7.3% of the staff having been vaccinated against influenza at the hospital’s expense. Conclusions: There were significant differences in the hospitalization indicators between the patients with confirmed influenza and the control group, which markedly increased the hospital care costs in this multi-specialty university hospital.

Download Full-text

789. Evaluation of Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Patients at High Risk for Recurrence

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.979 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S438-S439

Author(s):

Tanner M Johnson ◽

Amanda Howard ◽

Kerry Schwarz ◽

Lorna Allen ◽

Misha Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Treatment Options ◽

High Risk Patient ◽

Recurrent Infection ◽

Control Group ◽

Clostridioides Difficile ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Clostridioides Difficile Infection

Abstract Background Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) within 180 days of the index episode is associated with a 33% increase in mortality and, to-date, few treatment options exist to prevent recurrent infection. Bezlotoxumab (BEZ) is a novel therapeutic option for the prevention of rCDI, yet limited data exist regarding its effectiveness in patients at high-risk for recurrence outside of controlled trials. This study aimed to compare BEZ to a historical standard of care (SoC) cohort for the prevention of rCDI in patients at high risk for recurrence. Methods A multi-center retrospective cohort study of patients within an academic health-system with one or more risk factors for rCDI. Patients received SoC with oral vancomycin (VAN) or fidaxomicin (FDX) from January 2015 to December 2017 or BEZ, in addition to oral SoC, from September 2017 to September 2019. The primary outcome was rCDI within 90 days of completion of oral VAN or FDX. Secondary outcomes included all-cause readmission, all-cause mortality, and safety events at 90 days. Results One-hundred twenty patients received BEZ in addition to SoC (n=47) or SoC alone (n=73). Mean (SD) age was 55 (16) years, mean (SD) number of lifetime CDI was 3 (2) episodes, and 30.8% of patients had severe CDI. Six (12.8%) patients in the BEZ cohort and thirty-one (42.5%) in the SoC cohort experienced rCDI at 90 days [OR (95% CI) = 0.20 (0.07-0.53), p=< 0.01]. Incidence of all-cause mortality (2.1% vs 5.5%, p=0.67) and all-cause readmission (42.6% vs 56.2%, p=0.20) within 90 days were not statistically different between groups. Patient body weight, timing of BEZ administration, CDI severity, nor prior receipt of fecal microbiota transplantation significantly affected BEZ effectiveness. BEZ was well tolerated with one infusion-related reaction. There were no heart failure exacerbations among BEZ recipients and two exacerbations identified from control group. Conclusion In patients with at least one risk factor for rCDI, BEZ in addition to SoC was associated with lower rates of recurrent infection than SoC alone and may be a reasonable adjunct therapy in high risk patient populations. Disclosures matthew miller, PharmD, Allergan (Speaker’s Bureau)Tetraphase (Speaker’s Bureau)

Download Full-text

Comparative effectiveness of bisoprolol and carvedilol among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis

Clinical Kidney Journal ◽

10.1093/ckj/sfaa248 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ping-Hsun Wu ◽

Yi-Ting Lin ◽

Jia-Sin Liu ◽

Yi-Chun Tsai ◽

Mei-Chuan Kuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Cox Model ◽

Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽

Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Relative Safety ◽

Dialysis Vintage ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background Despite widespread use, there is no trial evidence to inform β-blocker’s (BB) relative safety and efficacy among patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). We herein compare health outcomes associated with carvedilol or bisoprolol use, the most commonly prescribed BBs in these patients. Methods We created a cohort study of 9305 HD patients who initiated bisoprolol and 11 171 HD patients who initiated carvedilol treatment between 2004 and 2011. We compared the risk of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) between carvedilol and bisoprolol users during a 2-year follow-up. Results Bisoprolol initiators were younger, had shorter dialysis vintage, were women, had common comorbidities of hypertension and hyperlipidemia and were receiving statins and antiplatelets, but they had less heart failure and digoxin prescriptions than carvedilol initiators. During our observations, 1555 deaths and 5167 MACEs were recorded. In the multivariable-adjusted Cox model, bisoprolol initiation was associated with a lower all-cause mortality {hazard ratio [HR] 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.73]} compared with carvedilol initiation. After accounting for the competing risk of death, bisoprolol use (versus carvedilol) was associated with a lower risk of MACEs [HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.80–0.91)] and attributed to a lower risk of heart failure [HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.77–0.91)] and ischemic stroke [HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.72–0.97)], but not to differences in the risk of acute myocardial infarction [HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.93–1.15)]. Results were confirmed in propensity score matching analyses, stratified analyses and analyses that considered prescribed dosages or censored patients discontinuing or switching BBs. Conclusions Relative to carvedilol, bisoprolol initiation by HD patients was associated with a lower 2-year risk of death and MACEs, mainly attributed to lower heart failure and ischemic stroke risk.

Download Full-text

332 - Electroconvulsive therapy in older adults with major depression was not associated with cognitive decline during a 15-year follow-up

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s104161022000232x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (S1) ◽

pp. 91-91

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Major Depression ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Community Sample ◽

Control Group

AUTHORS:Kerstin Johansson, Karolina Thömkvist, Ingmar Skoog and Sacuiu SF* (*presenter)OBJECTIVE:To determine the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in major depression in relation to the development of dementia during long-term follow-up.METHOD:In an observational clinical prospective study of consecutive patients 70 years and older diagnosed with major depression at baseline 2000-2004 (n=1090), who were free of dementia and received antidepressant treatment, with or without ECT, we sought to determine if cognitive decline (mild cognitive impairment and dementia) during 15 -year follow-up was associated with receiving ECT at baseline. The control group was selected among the participants in the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies matched by age group and sex 1:1.RESULTS:Among patients with affective syndromes 7% received ECT. During follow-up, 157 patients were diagnosed with dementia, equal proportions among those who received ECT (14.5%) and those who did not receive ECT (14.5%). The relation between ECT and cognitive decline remained non-significant irrespective antidepressive medication or presence of mild cognitive impairment at baseline.CONCLUSION:Preliminary results indicate that ECT was not associated with the development of cognitive decline in the long-term in a hospital-based cohort of 70+ year-olds. The results remain to verify against controls from a representative community sample.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Impact of Atrial Fibrillation in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10112490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2490

Author(s):

Giulio Francesco Romiti ◽

Bernadette Corica ◽

Gregory Y. H. Lip ◽

Marco Proietti

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

High Degree ◽

Degree Of Heterogeneity

Background: In patients with COVID-19, cardiovascular complications are common and associated with poor prognosis. Among these, an association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and COVID-19 has been described; however, the extent of this relationship is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of AF in COVID-19 patients and its impact on all-cause mortality. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines, and a protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021227950). PubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched for relevant studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Overall, 31 studies were included in the analysis, with a total number of 187,716 COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of AF was found to be as high as 8% of patients with COVID-19 (95% CI: 6.3–10.2%, 95% prediction intervals (PI): 2.0–27.1%), with a high degree of heterogeneity between studies; a multiple meta-regression model including geographical location, age, hypertension, and diabetes showed that these factors accounted for more than a third of the heterogeneity. AF COVID-19 patients were less likely to be female but more likely older, hypertensive, and with a critical status than those without AF. Patients with AF showed a significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality (OR: 3.97, 95% CI: 2.76–5.71), with a high degree of heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis focusing on new-onset AF showed the consistency of these results. Conclusions: Among COVID-19 patients, AF is found in 8% of patients. AF COVID-19 patients are older, more hypertensive, and more likely to have a critical status. In COVID-19 patients, AF is associated with a 4-fold higher risk of death. Further studies are needed to define the best treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of AF COVID-19 patients.

Download Full-text