Sketch of the French Legislation Relative to the Insane

1882 ◽  
Vol 28 (123) ◽  
pp. 356-369
Author(s):  
Achille Foville
Keyword(s):  
Public Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Criminal Intent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sound Mind ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required

The conditions established to regulate the admission of patients into lunatic asylums have given rise, in every country, to a great deal of discussion. On the one hand, many unacquainted with medicine are inclined to dread the abuse of the power to confine individuals not really insane under the pretext of insanity, and with more or less criminal intent; therefore these persons contend that admissions to asylums should be preceded by intricate formalities and repeated inquiries, with the interference of some public authority, such as a commission of either judicial or administrative officers. On the other hand, physicians advocate the necessity of prompt recourse to an asylum, not only for the patient's own benefit, but for his family's welfare; they demonstrate that a man labouring under acute insanity cannot be left to himself during the time required to set in motion the working of such complicated machinery as that proposed to be brought into action prior to his admission into a hospital; they further reject all interference of the public authorities to this end, as hurtful to private family feeling and the maintenance of professional secrecy, demanding, likewise, the greatest facilities for easy admission, guaranteed, nevertheless, by any number of subsequent examinations, or other means of inquiry into the case; and, finally, they hold that such supposed illegal confinements do not exist, since it has not been proved that any one really of sound mind has ever been shut up in any asylum, and that, therefore, the liberty of the subject is in no danger whatever. So in this respect we may rest confident, seeing that the past gives us full assurance for the future. Such is, upon the whole, the main point of dispute in every discussion on the subject, which happens to spring up again and again in different countries.

TARP DVIEJŲ KOLONŲ: XVIII A. PABAIGOS – XIX A. PRADŽIOS VILNIAUS MASONŲ KASDIENYBĖ SIMBOLIKOJE

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-163
Author(s):  
Daiva Milinkevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secular World ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Conservative Christian ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Craft Guilds

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.

The Constitutional Mechanism for the Realization of Social Interest in the Activities of Public Authorities: Organizational and Legal Components

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Nikolay Antsiferov
Keyword(s):  
Social Interest ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Limited Power ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the problems of the legal organization of public authority in the context of ensuring social interest. Given the idea of constitutionally limited power, the study considers two key elements of the mechanism for ensuring social interest - organizational and legal. The content of these elements is considered in the logic of their relationship with one another. Conclusions are made about their complementarity, on the one hand, and a certain degree of competition, on the other hand, and the problems of collisions between the elements under consideration are also revealed.

What have Reconstructed Roundhouses Ever Done for Us..?

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Townend
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One

The reconstructed roundhouse is everywhere: on the television, in the literature, in the landscape. It has powerful currency in both the public and academic understandings of the vernacular architecture of later British prehistory, in particular for the Iron Age. However, because the focus of these reconstructions is normally on technologies and engineering principles on the one hand, or on the experience of their occupation on the other, the roundhouse reconstruction — even after more than 30 years research around them — in fact currently tells us remarkably little about the past and a great deal about who we understand ourselves to be. This paper will explore what insight roundhouse reconstructions currently do and do not give into later British prehistory and what they may be able to indicate if the act of building is taken as a theme over the technologies of their construction or the experience of their space.

scholarly journals MEDIATION IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING: MYTH OR REALITY NOWADAYS

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Service Conception ◽  
Administrative Proceeding ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The One

In legal life of the modern world common ways of resolution to the legal disputes (conflicts) are not always efficient, since, as a rule, interests and needs of the one side and sometimes even of the both ones are left unsatisfied. Appeal to the public authorities because of each law conflict results in overloading of courts and administrative authorities. Implementation of other alternative ways of resolution of legal disputes, for example, such as mediation, can be an option to improvement of justice access and to reduction of court overloading. The article is devoted to reviewing the peculiarities of implementation of the method of mediation in administrative proceeding. It reports on attributes of administrative law conflict and also on peculiarities of conducting the procedure of mediation. Scholarly works of domestic scientists such as Sydelnikov O. D., Krasilovska Z. V., Lysko A., Mazaraki N. A. and others have been devoted to this problematique. Mediation - is a consensual and confidential procedure extrajudicial settlements of conflicts, in which a mediator helps the sides to understand their interests and search efficient ways of achieving mutually acceptable solution. The sphere of administrative disputes is the most difficult for implementation of mediation procedure. It is specified by typical peculiarities for such disputes and also by legal nature of subjects of administrative legal relationship. Exactly because of this, some scientists refer to partial nonmediability of such disputes, as one of the side in this case is always an organ of public authority. Approaching a compromise between public authority and a citizen is a prioritized direction of state and local authority activity. The procedure of mediation can be applied only in certain administrative disputes. In this case it is possible to single out advantages of implementation of the mediation procedure in dealing with administrative law conflict, they are effectiveness, saving funds and time, speed, confidentiality, unloading administrative courts, embodiment the principle of service conception of the state, the principle of the rule of law and proper management.

scholarly journals Visit Transylvania! Transylvania Representations of Tourists Coming from Abroad

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Gyöngyi Pásztor ◽  
Anita Dózsa
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject of the present study is Transylvania as a tourist destination, more precisely the analysis of what Transylvania means for the foreign tourists visiting here, and what meaning they attach to it. The timeliness of the issue is given by two factors. On the one hand the number of events with a touristic appeal has grown in the past years in Transylvania, and similarly the number of tourists has risen. On the other hand, writings that recommend Transylvania as an outstanding destination are more and more frequent in the international public sphere, in other words, it increasingly appears on the map of international tourism.

Risk assessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Gittus ◽  
M. R. Hayns
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power Station ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Station ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Mathematical Interpretation

SynopsisRisk involves consideration both of the consequences of accidents and the frequency with which the accidents occur. Indeed formally risk is equal to the product of frequency and consequences. The important question of the perception of risk by the public and by the professional is first addressed. Two tenets are proposed as being a suitable summary of the public requirement:1. If it can happen, then it must not matter.2. If it matters, then it must not happen.A mathematical interpretation is placed upon these tenets and is shown to be consistent with various professional safety targets. The tenets do not indicate what numerical values for risk would be acceptable to the public but they do show how the consequences of accidents should diminish as the frequency or likelihood of a particular accident increases. It is argued that the best way of determining what level of risk the public accepts is to be guided by statistics for man-caused accidents. These, it transpires, pose risks which are considerably greater than those implied, for example, by the professional targets for nuclear reactors. The risk posed to the public by two energy installations is summarised. The one installation, situated on Canvey Island, exports energy in the form of gas, some of which (methane) is pumped into a national gas grid. The other installation, the Sizewell “B” Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear power station has not yet been constructed, but a comprehensive risk assessment has been undertaken, the results of which are summarised. The two installations are comparable in the sense that each exports a power of the order of a million kilowatts (in the form of gas in the one case and electricity in the other). Both have been the subject of Public Inquiries. The risks posed by the Canvey installations are accepted, since they only constitute a small fraction of the risks which the public run in any case during the course of their everyday lives. The predicted risks for the PWR are smaller still. The form taken by the risks posed by both installations corresponds broadly with the two tenets. That is to say the greater the consequences the lower should be the frequency of a particular accident.

scholarly journals Good governance and transparency

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
Laura Vilone ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The One

The notion of “good governance” implies the special place given to the State. Such a model is defined by the effectiveness of certain guarantees such as the independence of the judiciary, the correct and fair management of expenditure but also administrative transparency. Indeed, the latter depends on the sincerity of those involved in public action, on the one hand, and the constant dialogue between the public authorities and the public, on the other hand. The purpose of this intervention is to demonstrate that the realisation of the model of “good governance” is based, above all, on the existence of an administration that fully understands the requirements of administrative transparency. The two pillars of “good governance” would thus be the foundations of the principle of transparency: communication with citizens and their participation in the process of the decision-making process.

scholarly journals Operation of Public Authorities in the Time of COVID-19 in Poland – Principles of Electronic Communication with the Party and Participants to Proceedings from the Perspective of the Activity of the Managing Authority of the Regional Operational Program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Klich
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Communication ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Operational Program ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

On 14 March 2020 the state of epidemic threat was introduced in Poland applicable until 20 March 2020 when the state of epidemic was introduced in the territory of the Republic of Poland. The situation associated with the growing number of SARS-CoV-2 infections forced ongoing monitoring of the epidemic situation, which entailed an introduction of a number of restrictions and solutions intended to isolate the infected persons on the one hand, and to minimize the risk of development of an epidemic in Poland on the other. Activity of the Polish legislator is also essential, which tried to introduce solutions that would correspond with current expectations and needs. In this paper, the author points to the issues of communication with a public authority by specific reflections on the principles of serving documents on beneficiaries of EU programs under which they were awarded funding for their implementation. The author points to the dynamics of the legislator’s work in this respect by analyzing the rules for serving documents by a public authority on beneficiaries who are public entities and those who are not.

scholarly journals La mediación en sociedades interculturales. Referencia a la posible actuación del Defensor del Pueblo en procesos de mediación = Mediation in intercultural societies. Possible Ombudsman’s action in mediation processes

2018 ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
María Pérez-Ugena Coromina
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Formal Aspect ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Mediation Processes

Resumen: El objeto de este trabajo es una reflexión acerca de los conflictos que surgen en sociedades interculturales como consecuencia de marcos más plurales, acompañada de una propuesta de cauces de solución. Nos planteamos la conveniencia de utilizar mecanismos extrajudiciales de resolución de conflictos, en particular la mediación, como medio especialmente adecuado para este tipo de controversias. La integración en sociedades plurales exige un esfuerzo y toma de postura por el Estado. Los poderes públicos deben implicarse en lograr un mayor grado de convivencia democrática, incidiendo en el aspecto real y no formal de la libertad y la igualdad, de manera coherente con la concepción social del Estado. El Defensor del Pueblo es una figura idónea para poder actuar como mediador en conflictos propios de la interculturalidad. Su contacto con los problemas sociales, de una parte, y su posición neutral, basada en la auctoritas, de otra, le atribuyen unas características muy interesantes para que pueda ejercer esta función. Asumiría así el Estado este papel a través de la institución que resulta más cercana a la ciudadanía. Esto, a su vez, podría revertir en una mejora de la percepción social del Defensor del Pueblo.Palabras clave: Interculturalismo, mediación, Defensor del Pueblo.Abstract: The purpose of this work is a reflection on the conflicts that arise in intercultural societies as a consequence of more plural frameworks, accompanied by a proposal of channels of solution. We consider the convenience of using extrajudicial mechanisms for resolving conflicts, particularly mediation, as a particularly appropriate means for this type of dispute. The integration in plural societies requires an effort and takes position by the State. The public authorities must be involved in achieving a greater degree of democratic coexistence, focusing on the real and non-formal aspect of freedom and equality, in a manner consistent with the social conception of the State. The Ombudsman is an ideal figure to be able to act as mediator in conflicts of interculturality. His contact with social problems, on the one hand, and his neutral position, based on the auctoritas, on the other, attribute him some very interesting characteristics so that he can exercise this function. The State would assume this role through the institution that is closest to citizenship. This, in turn, could lead to an improvement in the social perception of the Ombudsman.Keywords: Interculturalism, mediation, Ombudsman. 

Equivalent Representations in the Learning of Algebra

1997 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 616-619
Author(s):  
Frances Van Dyke ◽  
Timothy V. Craine
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Algebraic Representation ◽  
Algebra For All ◽  
The Past ◽  
Equivalent Expression ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Set Of Points ◽  
Graphing Technology

In the past few years, much discussion has taken place about what direction the teaching of algebra should take in view of the NCTM's Standards documents (1989, 1991, 1995), the increased availability of graphing technology, and the movement toward “algebra for all.” Because we view algebra as a language for expressing relationships between quantities and for exploring patterns, we support a functional approach to the subject in which all ideas are put in a context and graphing calculators are used extensively. Within tills framework, however, students who are trying to learn algebra experience subtle difficulties. On the one hand, students fail to recognize the underlying equivalence when the same set of points is represented by a graph or an equation or a table. On the other hand, when given an algebraic representation for a particular function, students fail to see that they can use the rules of algebra to produce an equivalent expression. In both situations, they tend to see changes in form as producing unrelated representations.

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