RUSŲ KARININKIJA KASDIENINIAME IR ŠVENTINIAME XVIII A. VILNIAUS GYVENIME: TAIKAUS SUGYVENIMO REGIMYBĖ

Life in the eighteenth century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was signified by active interference of the Russian Empire in the politics of the state. Imperial army was continuously summoned to reinforce Russian interests and to support internal feuds of the Commonwealth. Lithuanian and Polish society was forced to reconcile with the presence of foreign army in the country, whereas Russian officers sought to utilize their presence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in enhancing useful personal relationships and for the purposes of propaganda. The article explores the relationship between the society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Russian officers in daily life, how both sides built this coexistence, and how it was changing depending on circumstances. Analysis of sources on everyday life of Vilnius showed that daily life of its citizens was burdened by the obligation of housing and feeding the army, although in ordinarily they tried not to confront this menacing power. People wanted to earn favour of the Russian army leadership and be relieved of this duty through gifts, salutations and other signs of respect. On the other side, Russian officers depended not only on their power, they also tried to form good relationships with the high society and communities, e. g. officers visited monasteries and pass greetings during church celebrations. A pretext to assemble the nobility was a celebration dedicated to honour the rulers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia. Russian officers also demonstrated signs of respect to the loyal high standing officials of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They also tried to earn favour of the wider public through events of mass entertainment, e. g. the carnivals were made open to the citizens from various strata. The public could be rallied to watch show exercises of the Russian army, which was a spectacle for the curious citizens from lower social strata, and for the higher level citizens it was an opportunity to strengthen ties that could ensure their future privileges. Multiple festivities organized by the Russian officers were implemented with propaganda objectives in mind. Through such spectacular and luxury events they tried to demonstrate power and their decorations usually repeated motifs of the glorification of the Court of Catherine II. Celebrations, their decorations, occasional literature were some of the tools aimed at supporting the patronage of Russia. Existing sources on everyday life do not permit speaking about the moral side of the relationship with the Russian officers. Most likely, the start of the Four-Year Sejm, when the aim to strengthen the statehood was expressed in clearer terms, collaboration with the foreign power was not considered treason and condemned. Keywords: Vilnius, Russian army, everyday life, festivities, spectacles.

NOBILES PAUPERES: VILNIAUS MISIONIERIŲ ŠPITOLĖS GLOBOTINIAI XVIII A.

In 1695, Jan Teofil Plater and his wife Aleksandra founded a hospital for six impoverished nobles in Vilnius. Situated near the newly built church of the Ascension and the convent of the Congregation of Mission in the Subocz suburb beyond the city walls, this hospital was the first and, until the end of the eighteenth century, the only charitable institution providing care for individuals of particular social status. The article, based on the hospital’s registry book and other sources, examines the quantitative, as well as qualitative characteristics of the institution’s clientele, such as its fluctuations in size, its social composition, and the causes of its inmates’ impoverishment. The research revealed that, despite the demand for care, the overseers managed to maintain a stable number of inmates, rarely admitting more than one or two persons every year, and thus ensuring a steady operation of the hospital (see table 1). However, in contrast with other charitable institutions in Vilnius, the clientele of the Congregation of Mission hospital changed frequently because of expulsions (39.6 percent of all cases) and inmates leaving the hospital on their own initiative (20.1 percent) already in the first year of their stay. The mortality of inmates (27.8 percent) affected the size and turnover of the clientele to a much lesser extent than observed in other hospitals. Although there are no reliable data on the inmates’ age and health, such statistics show that they probably were younger and healthier than the clients of other charitable institutions in Vilnius. Moreover, the Congregation of Mission hospital’s inmates differed from the clients of other institutions in respect of social composition. Impoverished petty nobles, originating mainly from the districts of Lida and Oszmiana, constituted the majority (56.25 percent) of the hospital’s inmates whose social status is noted in the registry book (62.5 percent). The nobles became clients of the Congregation of Mission hospital either because of old age, disability, as well as other accidental causes, or because of increased social vulnerability outside mutual aid networks, comprised of family members, kin or neighbours. The article argues that the foundation of a hospital designated to provide care primarily for impoverished nobles shows that the poverty of nobles was recognized by contemporaries as a social problem that should be tackled. Keywords: poverty, charity, hospital, the Congregation of Mission, Vilnius, nobles, eighteenth century.

TILTAI IR KELTAI KAIP XVIII AMŽIAUS VILNIAUS PAVIETO BAJORŲ TEISINIŲ GINČŲ OBJEKTAI IR NUSIKALTIMŲ ERDVĖS

Bridges and ferries, as objects of dispute and crime locations among the eighteenth century nobles of Vilnius district, is the main topic of research in this article. Case materials and auxiliary documents from the records of Vilnius district castle and land courts reveal how often bridges are mentioned in the court processes in both violent and non-violent crimes. Research explores what types of violent crimes took place on bridges or ferries most often. It also works on questions of geographic localisation and statistics, discussing general situation of bridges in Vilnius and its neighbouring areas in the eighteenth century. Bridges are regularly mentioned in the books of the eighteenth century Vilnius castle and land courts, albeit most references are not related to conflicts and bridges are mentioned as orientation marks or in reference to location of a real estate object. Both non-violent legal disputes, involving bridges as objects, and violent crimes on the bridges were not in multitude, however non-violent crimes were in smaller numbers. There were seven dispute cases about lands, properties and plots of land where bridges and ferries are mentioned. Non-violent conflicts mostly took place in rural areas of the district, four of them, and three such disputes happened in Vilnius (one on the Green Bridge and two on the bridges over the River Vilnia). Most commonly recorded violent crime on a bridge was beating and, since this was the most common type of crime perpetrated by nobles in the eighteenth century Vilnius district, this trend is logical. A bridge is once mentioned in the record about a raid. In terms of location, more crimes on the bridges took place in the rural space, although this particular space wasn’t dominant, since six crimes were reported in the province and five in the city – two in Vilnius on the Green (Stone) Bridge, two on the bridges over the River Vilnia and one on a ferry near Šnipiškės. Trends in crime locations match general crime tendencies in Vilnius district, where more crimes took place in the rural space than in the urban one. One may guess, that the rare mention of bridges partially testifies to the fact that in the eighteenth century Vilnius district level of communication was not high and there were not too many bridges. On the other hand, when assessing trends in violent crimes in Vilnius district it was revealed that bridge based crimes comprised only one percent of all crimes. Having in mind that bridge is a relatively small object, compared to several different or other urban and rural spaces, this number isn’t that small. Keywords: Vilnius district, castle court, land court, crimes, nobles, peasants, bridges, ferries, passings.

LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS KARIUOMENĖS KASDIENINIO GYVENIMO STANDARTAI 1764–1788 M.

The article analyses ordinary life of the Armed Forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period between the beginning of the rule by the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław August Poniatowski, and until the reforms by the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792). In the period of interest it was a small (up to 4,000 soldiers), independent army, made up from national contractors, mostly cavalry detachments, the main unit being a flag of 30–100 soldiers, and the so-called foreign contractors (cavalry, infantry and artillery), the main unit being a company of 60–100 soldiers. In 1775–1777, division by contractors’ ethnicity was replaced with the territorial divisions. The main changes took place in the national cavalry, where two equally sized brigades of hussars and petyhorcy were created, whereas majority of foreign contractors were reorganized into infantry. Peace-time armed forces was an important factor for the Lithuanian public, the ruling elite and the local communities. Army was not a tool for use in large international politics, it was more of a current order preserving instrument. Army supply system was based on the independent economic unit, governed by the unit commander. Attempts by the Lithuanian Military Commission to impose greater control gave insignificant results, although the reforms of 1775–1775 were able to strengthen control of the treasury and procedures, making relationships more visible and transparent, and the actual composition of the armed forces was very close to the theoretical provisions. The economic weakness of the nation after the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and lack of correlation between recovery of the treasury and army financing put bridles on the army, preventing it from development and change. In spite of all 1764–1788 reforms, the Lithuanian armed forces remained a stagnating institution, where routine and established traditions dominated over novelty and change. Keywords: Armed Forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ordinary army life, rule of Stanisław Poniatowski, Military Commission, Military Department of the Permanent Council.

„MAGIŠKASIS KAMBARYS“: GYVYBINGA IR PRISITAIKANTI VAISTINĖLĖS TRADICIJA LIETUVOS BAJORŲ NAMUOSE

The article discusses the causes of emergence and spreading of a still room (Lith. vaistinėlė, Pol. apteczka), the purpose of the room, the location in the house planning structure, relations to other premises, its equipment, as well as the role of a still room in everyday culture. An examination of the case of a single room, the still room, in a noblemen’s home is also aimed at illustrating the changes in home planning in the late eighteenth – early twentieth century: how they adapted to the changing hygiene standards, perception of personal space, involvement of the manor owners in community treatment, and changes in dining and hospitality culture. Keywords: still room, household medicine cabinet, manor house, interior, sczlachta culture, education, dining culture, modernisation, Lithuania.

TARP DVIEJŲ KOLONŲ: XVIII A. PABAIGOS – XIX A. PRADŽIOS VILNIAUS MASONŲ KASDIENYBĖ SIMBOLIKOJE

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.

MERKINĖS SENIŪNO MATO OGINSKIO KASDIENYBĖ: ŪKINIŲ IR TEISMINIŲ REIKALŲ VERPETUOSE

The article analyses some episodes from biography and the daily life of elder of Merkinė, vogt and colonel of a petyhorcy unit of the armed forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Mateusz Ogiński (1738–1786). On the basis of the documents preserved in the Ogiński foundation of the Lithuanian State history archive (F. 1177), the article argues that Mateusz Ogiński was mainly occupied with the maintenance of his properties and litigation in courts, not actually seeking any political or public career. He personally issued directions to the stewards of his properties and controlled execution of his orders. Somewhere close to the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772) he was known for the detailed regulation of his economic activities. He put effort to concentrate in his hands some real estate (by buying plots and houses in Merkinė), invested and developed various businesses (renting a windmill and a pub, operating a coffee shop, building a sawmill and a brickyard, fishing, shipping timber to Konigsberg, renovating Merkinė’s town hall, etc.). Later M. Ogiński was often renting out his properties to other individuals, but that had a negative influence on his possessions. Lifestyle that disregarded the income made M. Ogiński drown in debt early, and he entered a loop of having to start borrowing to pay debts. Elder of Merkinė Ogiński would borrow and spend large sums of money to make purchases of various items of luxury abroad and in Lithuania (clothes, jewellery, alcohol, species, fruits, etc.), and to maintain his manor and even a folk music group. M. Ogiński litigated in many Lithuanian courts and, judging from his letters (and quite many of them survived), he would have inhabited these litigation processes, taking interest in legal nuances and using different opportunities to influence court processes to his advantage (making acquaintance with judges, looking for third party interceders, writing letters to judges, and personally participating in court proceedings). Most common lawsuits against him were about unpaid debts, yet his own claims were against stewards of his properties, and real estate rights. Keywords: eldership of Merkinė, the Ogiński, daily routine, economics, courts.

РЕФОРМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГОРОДА ВЫСОКОЕ (БРЕСТСКОЕ ВОЕВОДСТВО) 1794 ГОДА

Straipsnyje, remiantis 1794 m. priimtomis ordinacijomis (instrukcijomis), analizuojamas Bresto vaivadijos Lietuvos Aukštojo (Vysokaje) miesto valdymas ir šio miesto žydų kahalo savivaldos organizacija. Parodoma, kad 1794 m. mieste buvo įvestos originalios miestiečių krikščionių ir žydų savivaldos sistemos, atskleidžiama savivaldos institucijų rinkimo ir jų funkcionavimo tvarka, nustatoma, kad miesto ir kahalo valdymo instrukcijų parengimą ir jų priėmimą lėmė savininko siekiai atkurti ekonominį miesto pajėgumą bei sudaryti kuo palankesnes sąlygas dinamiškai miesto plėtrai. Didelės įtakos instrukcijoms parengti ir priimti turėjo XVIII a. 9–10-ojo dešimtmečių Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teisėkūra. 1794 m. ordinacijos buvo Miestų įstatymų, priimtų 1791 ir 1793 m. seimuose, adaptacija. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Lietuvos Aukštojas buvo privatus miestas, jo savivaldos organizacinėje struktūroje svarbų vaidmenį išlaikė dvaro institutas. Tačiau miestiečiams buvo suteikta teisė rinkti pagrindinius miesto pareigūnus. Pagrindiniu administraciniu ir teismo organu tapo dvaro kontroliuojamas Aukštojo magistratas. Jis turėjo teisę rinkti antraeilius miesto tarnautojus. Tiek magistrato, tiek ir kahalo kasdieninėje veikloje ypač daug dėmesio buvo skiriama miestiečių gyvenimo sąlygoms gerinti ir saugumui mieste užtikrinti. Kaip ir ordinacijos, skirtos krikščioniškajai miesto bendruomenei, taip ir 1794 m. priimtos žydų kahalo ordinacijos pagrindinis tikslas buvo ne tik naujais principas perorganizuoti kahalo savivaldą, bet ir pajungti jį dvaro kontrolei. Straipsnio priede skelbiamos abiejų instrukcijų publikacijos originalo (lenkų) kalba. Reikšminiai žodžiai: miestas, Lietuvos Aukštojas (Vysokaje), Bresto vaivadija, Pranciškus Sapiega, miestiečiai, žydai, savivalda, magistratas, kahalas, šaltinio publikacija.

MODERNIZACJA WYMIARU SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI. REFORMY SĄDU KOMISJI SKARBU WIELKIEGO KSIĘSTWA LITEWSKIEGO (1765–1791)

1764 m. įsteigta Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės iždo komisija sujungė iki tol Lietuvos didžiajam iždininkiui priklausiusias administracines funkcijas ir teismines Iždo tribunolo, veikusio kaip sudėtinė Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Vyriausiojo Tribunolo dalis, kompetencijas. Teismines ir administracines funkcijas buvo siekiama kuo labiau vieną nuo kitos atskirti. Iždo komisija kaip teisminė valdžia nuosprendžius skelbdavo Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės iždo komisijos teismo vardu. Šio teismo veiklos pradžia laikytina 1765 m. liepos 1 d., kada teisme buvo nagrinėta pirmoji byla, o pabaiga – 1791 m., kai buvo priimti paskutinieji nuosprendžiai prieš Lietuvos komisijai susijungiant su Karūnos komisija į bendrą Abiejų Tautų iždo komisiją. Teismo galių suteikimas naujai įsteigtai institucijai – Iždo komisijai – buvo akivaizdus ankstesnėje epochoje subrandintų idėjų įgyvendinimo pavyzdys, o kartu lūžis teismo sistemoje, ir ne tik organizacine prasme. Reformos metu buvo išplėstas Iždo komisijos teisme nagrinėjamų bylų laukas, o tai leido šį teismą laikyti komercinių bylų teismu. Iždo komisijos teismo institucijos atsiradimas laužė luominio teisingumo įgyvendinimo nuostatas, tačiau net ir įsteigus šį teismą nebuvo priimti nauji, materialinę teisę reguliuojantys įstatymai, turėję tapti pagrindu teismo sprendimams priimti. Vis dėlto teisminių funkcijų suteikimas Iždo komisijai supaprastino patį teismo procesą. Iždo komisijos teismas daugeliu aspektų buvo panašus į kitas to meto Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teismines institucijas ir perėmė dalį šių institucijų trūkumų. Vienas tokių trūkumų buvo veiklos kadencijos. Teismo kadencijos kartu su kitu organizacinio pobūdžio trūkumu – sprendimui priimti būtino komisarų kvorumo problema – lėmė, kad teismo dekreto (sprendimo) priėmimo šalims tekdavo laukti pernelyg ilgai. 1765 m. įvestas teismų modelis buvo keletą kartų reformuojamas. Abiejų Tautų Respublikos seimuose priimti Iždo komisijos veiklą reglamentavę įstatymai, kaip antai 1784 m. reforma, turėjo įtakos ir teismo veiklos praktikai. Pati Iždo komisija pagal savo išgales taip pat ėmėsi gerinti teisminę veiklą: buvo priimami papildomi darbuotojai, siekta disciplinuoti tiek teisme dalyvaujančias šalis, tiek ir visą palestrą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: justicijos reforma, iždo teismas, Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės iždo komisija.