A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Different Types of Operations on the Frontal Lobes

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (411) ◽  
pp. 326-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asenath Petrie
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Psychiatric Department

Three years ago at the last International Congress of Psychology I reported on a preliminary investigation of personality changes after the usual standard prefrontal leucotomy. This investigation was carrried out on 20 neurotic patients before and three months after the operation performed by Mr. McKissock (McKissock, 1943). An extensive group of objective personality tests were chosen to define the factors of “Neuroticism” and “Introversion” as described by Eysenck (1947), which to all intents and purposes are equivalent to Cattell's (1950) factors C and F. In addition, the following intelligence tests were used: the Wechsler Scale, Porteus Mazes, and the proverbs from the Stanford Binet. The changes found provided us with some evidence in support of the hypothesis with which the investigation had been planned. This was that as a result of this type of incision in the frontal lobe there was a decrease in “Neuroticism,” a decrease in “Introversion” and a decrease in certain aspects of intelligence (Petrie, 1949a).Since then a further 50 patients have been examined before and after operations on the frontal lobes, bringing the total to 70. Most of these were severe neurotics attending the psychiatric department of Dr. Desmond Curran at St. George's Hospital, London. Only those changes will be referred to as an alteration in personality where the probability is less than one in twenty that they could have occurred by chance.

Suicidal Head Injuries

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Guttmann
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Frontal Lesions

Damage to the frontal lobe is liable to produce personality changes; it is highly probable that lesions have to be bilateral to have this effect. But beyond that, there is little agreement about type, extent and localization within the frontal lobe of the lesions which are followed by personality change. Little is known about the different types of clinical picture caused by bilateral frontal lesions. In a certain proportion of the cases euphoria is the most impressive symptom, and it is for this reason that operations on the frontal lobes have been proposed in the treatment of depressions. (Lit., see Hutton.) The value of the procedure is still under discussion, and its theoretical foundation is far from being understood. This is not surprising, for if one tries to analyse such an operation, one has to take into account at least four variables: the patient's previous personality, his mental illness, the psycho-physiological effect of the lesion, and the psychological effect of operation, nursing care and environmental changes. The cerebral factor is obviously the most interesting one; to judge its importance one tends to interpret the operative results in the light of experience after other frontal operations or injuries.

scholarly journals Successful Treatment of ‘Drinamyl’ Addicts and Associated Personality Changes

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Systematic Desensitization ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Addictive Drug

This paper seeks to evaluate the personality of two young ‘Drinamyl’ addicts before and after a course of treatment which aimed at removing social anxiety by systematic desensitization. Attention has been focused on the personality alteration which followed their treatment, and the argument is put forward that this change may have been a major contribution toward their recovery. The addictive drug taken by these patients is treated as being of secondary importance, and emphasis has been placed on the underlying personality difficulties which were conducive to their addiction. The patients were given several personality tests before and after treatment and the considerable differences are in accord with the clinical findings.

Acute Biophysical Responses and Psychological Effects of Different Types of Forests in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Ju Lee ◽  
Junguk Hur ◽  
Kyung-Sook Yang ◽  
Mi-Kyoung Lee ◽  
Sung-Jae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In The Wild

We aimed to examine the biophysical and psychological effects of two different types of forests on women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Seventy-one middle-aged Korean women participated in a half-day healing program at either Saneum Recreational Forest (a wild forest) or Seoul Forest (a tended forest) depending on their preference. The participants’ biophysical parameters and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were measured before and after the healing program. The two groups differed significantly in acute insulin responses, pulse rate, oxidative stress markers, and stress hormone level, suggesting better homeostasis in the wild forest. The POMS suggested that the mean vigor and confusion scores significantly decreased in the wild forest. Considering the significantly more favorable acute insulin reaction and levels of oxidative stress and the trend toward positive mood state in the wild forest, we recommend that middle-aged patients with MetS participate in healing programs in wild forests.

scholarly journals Investigating self-recognition in bonobos: mirror exposure reduces looking time to self but not unfamiliar conspecifics

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9685
Author(s):  
Gladez Shorland ◽  
Emilie Genty ◽  
Jean-Pascal Guéry ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler
Keyword(s):  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mirror Exposure

The question of whether animals have some sort of self-awareness is a topic of continued debate. A necessary precondition for self-awareness is the ability to visually discriminate the self from others, which has traditionally been investigated through mirror self-recognition experiments. Although great apes generally pass such experiments, interpretations of results have remained controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate how bonobos (Pan paniscus) respond to different types of images of themselves and others, both before and after prolonged mirror exposure. We first presented presumably mirror-naive subjects with representations of themselves in three different ways (mirror image, contingent and non-contingent video footage) as well as representations of others (video footage of known and unknown conspecifics). We found that subjects paid significantly less attention to contingent images of themselves (mirror image, video footage) than to non-contingent images of themselves and unfamiliar individuals, suggesting they perceived the non-contingent self-images as novel. We then provided subjects with three months of access to a large mirror centrally positioned in the enclosure. Following this manipulation, subjects showed significantly reduced interest in the non-contingent self-images, while interest in unknown individuals remained unchanged, suggesting that the mirror experience has led to a fuller understanding of their own self. We discuss implications of this preliminary investigation for the on-going debate on self-awareness in animals.

Enlightening Symbols

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Number System ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Mathematical Notation ◽  
Rhetorical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mathematical Symbols ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Different Cultures

While all of us regularly use basic mathematical symbols such as those for plus, minus, and equals, few of us know that many of these symbols weren't available before the sixteenth century. What did mathematicians rely on for their work before then? And how did mathematical notations evolve into what we know today? This book explains the fascinating history behind the development of our mathematical notation system. It shows how symbols were used initially, how one symbol replaced another over time, and how written math was conveyed before and after symbols became widely adopted. Traversing mathematical history and the foundations of numerals in different cultures, the book looks at how historians have disagreed over the origins of the number system for the past two centuries. It follows the transfigurations of algebra from a rhetorical style to a symbolic one, demonstrating that most algebra before the sixteenth century was written in prose or in verse employing the written names of numerals. It also investigates the subconscious and psychological effects that mathematical symbols have had on mathematical thought, moods, meaning, communication, and comprehension. It considers how these symbols influence us (through similarity, association, identity, resemblance, and repeated imagery), how they lead to new ideas by subconscious associations, how they make connections between experience and the unknown, and how they contribute to the communication of basic mathematics. From words to abbreviations to symbols, this book shows how math evolved to the familiar forms we use today.

scholarly journals Physiological and Psychological Effects of Watching Videos of Different Durations Showing Urban Bamboo Forests with Varied Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3434
Author(s):  
Yuqian Wang ◽  
Mingyan Jiang ◽  
Yinshu Huang ◽  
Zhiyi Sheng ◽  
Xiao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Psychological Indicators ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Time

This study illustrated the physiological and psychological effects of watching videos of different durations showing bamboo forests with varied structures. Physiological indicators, including EEG (electroencephalogram), blood pressure, skin conductance, and pulse, were monitored in 180 Chinese university students (mean age: 20.72 ± 2.56 years) while they were watching bamboo videos. Before and after watching the videos, their psychological indicators, including positive and negative moods, were measured using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. After watching the bamboo videos of different durations, all of the physiological indicators responded to the stimulation after only 1 min. The indicators showed different trends at 1, 3 and 5 min. EEG decreased and then was maintained at a stable level after 1 min, and the high β, low β, and α waves had no significant differences between 1, 3 and 5 min. Blood pressure dropped to a stable state after 3 min, and the decline was significantly different greater after 3 min than after 1 min. Skin conductance increased for 1 to 5 min, and it did not stabilize after a long time (5 min). Pulse decreased after 1 min but increased after 5 min. After watching the videos with bamboo of varying structures, the physiological and psychological indicators showed significantly different changes. Skin conductance significantly increased (mean value: 6.78%), and the amount of sweat was more effectively reduced, thereby reducing tension, when the students viewed videos of sympodial bamboo forests compared with monopodial bamboo forests. Bamboo forests with a higher canopy density (0.83–0.85) could significantly decrease α waves (mean value: 1.50 Hz), relaxing the human body. High β and low β waves showed greater decreases, with tension reduced more effectively, when bamboo forests with a low tilt ratio (< 1.5%) were viewed. Bamboo forests with neat undergrowth could have more beneficial physiological and psychological effects on the human body.

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