Gender differences in faculty rank and subspecialty choice in academic medical oncology.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11013-11013
Author(s):  
Laura Graham ◽  
Ali Raza Khaki ◽  
Alexandra Sokolova ◽  
Nancy E. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Medical Oncology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Faculty Rank ◽  
Cancer Centers ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Medical Oncologists

11013 Background: The gender gap in the United States healthcare field has been closing. In 2000 women made up 45% of medical school matriculants and by 2017 outnumbered men. Based on our personal observations at academic meetings, however, we hypothesized that gender differences persist in faculty rank and subspecialty choice in academic medical oncology. Methods: We created a database of medical oncologists at the top 15 cancer centers as ranked by the U.S News and World Report in 2019. We identified all medical oncology faculty in the subspecialty fields of breast, gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU) and thoracic oncology from institution websites (12/2019-1/2020). Faculty working only at satellite clinics (i.e. non-research appointments), and the few faculty in more than one subspecialty group, were excluded. Gender (determined by pictures), subspecialty and academic rank were recorded based on data from institution websites and professional social networking sites. Proportions of men and women in each subspecialty and at each faculty rank were calculated; odds ratios (OR) and χ2 tests were used for comparisons. Results: 346 men and 244 women were identified as subspecialty medical oncologists, comprising 59% and 41% of faculty members, respectively. Gender representation by subspecialty and academic rank are shown in the Table. Breast oncology had more women oncologists than men (OR 2.9, p < 0.001); GU oncology had fewer women (OR 0.3, p < 0.001). The representation of women and men was comparable at the lower academic ranks (instructor, assistant and associate professors). But at the top rank of full professor, only 31% were women (OR 0.54, p = 0.001). Notably, even in breast oncology, the one subspecialty with a greater proportion of women, women still comprised a lower proportion of full professors than men. Conclusions: Gender differences persist in academic medical oncology. At the top 15 US cancer centers, gender differences are seen in subspecialty representation, with more men in GU oncology and more women in breast oncology. Fewer women than men achieve the rank of full professor, even in breast oncology. Additional research is needed to explore the causes of, and contributors to, these differences as well as their impact. [Table: see text]

Abstract 30: Sex Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Vascular Neurologists in the United States

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay A Bliss ◽  
Carol A Vitellas ◽  
Nayanika Challa ◽  
Vivien H Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Academic Medical Centers ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Faculty Rank ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Academic Medical

Introduction: The lower proportion of women at the rank of full professor compared to men has been documented in nearly all specialties. Women are under-represented in academic stroke neurology, but there is limited data. Methods: We reviewed all 160 U.S. medical schools and the associated medical centers for vascular neurologists. An internet search of stroke team websites and neurology department websites was performed from August 1, 2020 to August 25, 2020. We included 117 academic medical centers that had at least 1 vascular neurologist on faculty. We included vascular neurology ABPN certified or board eligible (fellowship-trained) neurologists. Data was collected on sex, academic rank, and American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) certification status. ABPN board certification status was verified on the ABPN verify CERT website. Social medical women’s neurology groups were also queried for names of women full professor to cross check. Results: Among 540 academic ABPN vascular neurologists, 182 (33.8%) were women and 358 (66.3%) were men. Among academic ranks, women made up 108/269 (40.1%) of Assistant professors, 49/137 (35.8%) of Associate professors, and 25/134 (18.8%) of full professors. Twenty two academic centers had vascular neurology female professors on faculty, compared to 70 academic centers with male full professors on faculty. Twenty nine academic centers had multiple male professors on faculty compared to only 3 centers with multiple female full professors. Among women, 108 (59.3%) were assistant professor, 49 (26.7%) were associate professor, 25 (13.7%) were full professor. Among men, 161 (45.0%) were assistant professor, 88 (24.6%) were associate professor, and 109 (30.5%) were professor. There was a significant difference between academic rank based upon sex (p <0.0001). Conclusion: Among academic medical centers in the United States, significant sex differences were observed in academic faculty rank for ABPN vascular neurologists, with women less likely than men to be full professors. Further study is warranted to address the gender gap in the field of stroke.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Faculty Rank and Subspecialty Choice among Academic Medical Oncologists

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Laura S. Graham ◽  
Alexandra O. Sokolova ◽  
Ali Raza Khaki ◽  
Qian “Vicky” Wu ◽  
Nancy E. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Faculty Rank ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Medical Oncologists

Gender Differences in Academic Rank and NIH Funding among Academic Maternal–Fetal Medicine Physicians in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
pp. 443-448
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Sperling ◽  
Rachel Shulman ◽  
Cinthia Blat ◽  
Edward Miller ◽  
Jolene Kokroko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Fetal Medicine ◽  
Fetal Medicine ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Nih Funding

Objective This article evaluates gender differences in academic rank and National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding among academic maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) physicians. Study Design This was a cross-sectional study of board-certified academic MFM physicians. Physicians were identified in July 2017 from the MFM fellowship Web sites. Academic rank and receipt of any NIH funding were compared by gender. Data on potential confounders were collected, including years since board certification, region of practice, additional degrees, number of publications, and h-index. Results We identified 659 MFM physicians at 72 institutions, 312 (47.3%) male and 347 (52.7%) female. There were 246 (37.3%) full, 163 (24.7%) associate, and 250 (37.9%) assistant professors. Among the 154 (23.4%) MFM physicians with NIH funding, 89 (57.8%) were male and 65 (42.2%) were female (p = 0.003). Adjusting for potential confounders, male MFM physicians were twice as likely to hold a higher academic rank than female MFM physicians (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.04 [95% confidence interval, 1.39–2.94], p < 0.001). There was no difference in NIH funding between male and female MFM physicians (aOR, 1.23 [0.79–1.92], p = 0.36). Conclusion Compared with female academic MFM physicians, male academic MFM physicians were twice as likely to hold a higher academic rank but were no more likely to receive NIH funding.

scholarly journals Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis in patients treated for high-grade gliomas: a survey among neuro-oncologists

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-326
Author(s):  
Nebojša Skorupan ◽  
Surabhi Ranjan ◽  
Seema Mehta ◽  
Olga Yankulina ◽  
Nathan Nenortas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Cancer Centers ◽  
Medical Oncologists ◽  
High Grade Gliomas ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocyte

Abstract Background Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a known complication in patients with high-grade gliomas (HGGs) who are treated with radiation and chemotherapy. PJP prophylaxis is commonly recommended, but there are currently no clear guidelines regarding duration of treatment and choice of drugs. This study aimed to assess current practice patterns of PJP prophylaxis among neuro-oncologists. Methods An online survey of 14 multiple choice questions was sent to 207 neuro-oncologists and medical oncologists treating brain cancers at all National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers in the United States. Recipients were identified via a search of the cancer centers’ websites. Results Sixty-one invited experts completed the survey (response rate 29%; of these, 72% were neuro-oncologists, 18% were medical oncologists, and 10% were pediatric neuro- or medical oncologists). Seventy percent of respondents stated that they routinely prescribe PJP prophylaxis, while 7% do not provide prophylaxis. Eighty-one percent of respondents use absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) to assess lymphopenia and 13% also monitor CD4 lymphocyte counts during prophylaxis. The most commonly used first-line agent is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% of respondents), followed by pentamidine (6%). Discontinuation of PJP prophylaxis is determined by the following: count recovery (33% by ALC; 18% by CD4 lymphocyte counts), radiation completion (23%), and chemotherapy completion (7%). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were routinely checked by only 13% of respondents. Conclusions PJP prophylaxis is commonly used in HGG patients, but there are large variations in practice patterns, including the duration of prophylaxis. As consideration for PJP prophylaxis affects all patients with HGG, standardization of prophylaxis should be formally addressed.

Men, Women and the Dynamics of Presidential Approval

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAROLD D. CLARKE ◽  
MARIANNE C. STEWART ◽  
MIKE AULT ◽  
EUEL ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Presidential Transitions ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
The Impact

Although commentary on the ‘gender gap’ is a staple of political discourse in the United States, most analyses of the dynamics of presidential approval have ignored possible gender differences in the forces driving approval ratings of US presidents. This article analyses gender differences in the impact of economic evaluations and political interventions on the dynamics of presidential approval between 1978 and 1997. The analyses are made possible by disaggregating 240 monthly Survey of Consumers datasets gathered over this period. These data show that women's economic evaluations are consistently more pessimistic than men's, regardless of who occupied the Oval Office. Analyses of rival presidential approval models reveal that a national prospective economic evaluation model performs best for women, but a personal prospective model works best for men. Parameter estimates indicate that economic evaluations accounted for substantial proportions of gender differences in presidential approval in the post-Carter era. Men and women also reacted differently to presidential transitions, with approval increasing more among men when Reagan replaced Carter, and more among women when Clinton replaced Bush. The hypothesis that men are more susceptible than women to rally effects induced by domestic and international crises and wars does not receive consistent support.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Information Technology Usage: A U.S.-Japan Comparison

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Madeline ZavodnY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Working Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
It Use ◽  
Nonstandard Employment

This study examines whether there are differences in men's and women's use of computers and the Internet in the United States and Japan and, if so, how this gender gap has changed over time. We focus on these two countries because information technology is widely used in both, but there are substantial differences in institutions and social organizations. We use microdata from several surveys during 1997–2001 to examine differences and trends in computer and Internet usage in the two countries. Controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, our results indicate that there were significant gender differences in computer and Internet usage in both countries during the mid-1990s. By 2001 these gender differences had disappeared or were even reversed in the United States but persisted in Japan. People not currently working have lower levels of information technology (IT) use and skills in both countries regardless of gender, but working women in Japan have lower levels of IT use and skills than working men, a difference that generally does not occur in the United States. This suggests that employment status per se does not play a large role in the gender gap in Japan, but type of employment does. The prevalence of nonstandard employment among female workers in Japan can explain much of the gender gap in information technology use and skills in that country.

scholarly journals Gender Gap in US Public Opinion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Kate Lizotte
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Science Article

In a representative democracy, policymakers, elected officials, and bureaucrats should heed public opinion. Research to date provides evidence that policymakers do care about the public’s positions on policy and that presidential administrations often seek public approval of their legislative agenda (see the Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science article, “Policy Responsiveness to Public Opinion” by Robert S. Erikson. Therefore, it is valuable to understand consistent and significant influences on the public’s policy positions and political attitudes. Gender appears to be a consistent and often significant influence on opinion. Generally, women tend to be more likely than men to adopt liberal positions on a long list of policies, including force issues, the size of the welfare state, the environment, and equal rights. For certain issues, gender seems to have a more complicated, or more conservative, influence, such as on abortion and on the legalization of marijuana. Overall, gender matters when considering public opinion in the United States. Moreover, issue gaps partially account for the gender gap in party identification and vote choice where women are more likely than men to identify as Democrats and vote for Democratic candidates. For example, in electoral simulations when women are given the same policy positions as men, a considerable reduction in the voting gender gap occurs. Readers interested in how gender influences political behavior should consult the Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science article, “Gender, Behavior, and Representation” by Elisabeth Gidengil. With women being slightly more than half of the population and being more likely to vote than men in recent elections, gender differences in policy preferences have substantial political consequences. This article discusses research on several issue areas with established gender gaps in opinion and provides a brief overview of scholarship investigating the origins of gender differences in public opinion. Much of the research cited here focuses on gender differences in public opinion but some material controls only for gender and finds a significant relationship.

Gender and STEM in Higher Education in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Bystydzienski
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Head ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Significant Movement ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Female Scientists

Despite recently improved numbers of women and other historically underrepresented groups in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in U.S. higher education, women continue to lag significantly in comparison with men in many STEM disciplines. Female participation is especially low in computer science, engineering, and physics and at the advanced levels in academic STEM—at full professor and in administrative (department head or chair, dean) positions. While there have been various theoretical approaches to explain why this gender gap persists, a particularly productive strand of research indicates that deeply rooted gendered, racialized, and heteronormative institutional structures and practices act as barriers to a more significant movement of diverse women into academic STEM fields. More specifically, this research documents that a hostile academic climate, exclusionary practices, and subtle forms of discrimination in hiring and promotion, as well as lack of positive recognition of female scientists’ work, account for relatively low numbers of women in fields such as engineering, physics, and computer science. Nevertheless, since the early 2000s, numerous initiatives have been undertaken in U.S. higher education to remedy the situation, and some progress has been made through programs that attempt to transform STEM departments and colleges into more inclusive and equitable academic spaces.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Emergency Physicians in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Bennett ◽  
Ali S. Raja ◽  
Neena Kapoor ◽  
Dara Kass ◽  
Daniel M. Blumenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Faculty Rank

Gender Differences in IT Use in the U.S. and Japan

2008 ◽  
pp. 3174-3202
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Madeline Zavodny
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
It Use ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

As information technology (IT) has become more common in everyday use, so too have concerns about the digital divide—unequal access to and use of IT across demographic groups and countries. Understanding the extent and causes of the digital divide is important because IT skills have become increasingly vital to individuals’ economic success. Although IT is widely available in both the United States and Japan, there are notable gender differences in its actual usage between the two countries. In the United States, the gender gap in IT use has narrowed over time, and according to some measures, women are at least as likely as men to use computers. In Japan, however, sizable gender gaps in IT use persist. The contrasting patterns of IT use in the United States and Japan reflect differences in the structure of social organizations and institutions in the two countries. Studying gender differences in IT use across countries thus requires a nuanced understanding of the institutional context under which gender inequality is generated. Using the United States and Japan as contrasting examples, this article examines how gender differences in IT use evolve from gender inequality in broader cultural settings, particularly labor market institutions.

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