Men, Women and the Dynamics of Presidential Approval

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAROLD D. CLARKE ◽  
MARIANNE C. STEWART ◽  
MIKE AULT ◽  
EUEL ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Presidential Transitions ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
The Impact

Although commentary on the ‘gender gap’ is a staple of political discourse in the United States, most analyses of the dynamics of presidential approval have ignored possible gender differences in the forces driving approval ratings of US presidents. This article analyses gender differences in the impact of economic evaluations and political interventions on the dynamics of presidential approval between 1978 and 1997. The analyses are made possible by disaggregating 240 monthly Survey of Consumers datasets gathered over this period. These data show that women's economic evaluations are consistently more pessimistic than men's, regardless of who occupied the Oval Office. Analyses of rival presidential approval models reveal that a national prospective economic evaluation model performs best for women, but a personal prospective model works best for men. Parameter estimates indicate that economic evaluations accounted for substantial proportions of gender differences in presidential approval in the post-Carter era. Men and women also reacted differently to presidential transitions, with approval increasing more among men when Reagan replaced Carter, and more among women when Clinton replaced Bush. The hypothesis that men are more susceptible than women to rally effects induced by domestic and international crises and wars does not receive consistent support.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Information Technology Usage: A U.S.-Japan Comparison

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Madeline ZavodnY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Working Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
It Use ◽  
Nonstandard Employment

This study examines whether there are differences in men's and women's use of computers and the Internet in the United States and Japan and, if so, how this gender gap has changed over time. We focus on these two countries because information technology is widely used in both, but there are substantial differences in institutions and social organizations. We use microdata from several surveys during 1997–2001 to examine differences and trends in computer and Internet usage in the two countries. Controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, our results indicate that there were significant gender differences in computer and Internet usage in both countries during the mid-1990s. By 2001 these gender differences had disappeared or were even reversed in the United States but persisted in Japan. People not currently working have lower levels of information technology (IT) use and skills in both countries regardless of gender, but working women in Japan have lower levels of IT use and skills than working men, a difference that generally does not occur in the United States. This suggests that employment status per se does not play a large role in the gender gap in Japan, but type of employment does. The prevalence of nonstandard employment among female workers in Japan can explain much of the gender gap in information technology use and skills in that country.

Empirical Investigation of Interactive Highway Safety Design Model Accident Prediction Algorithm: Rural Intersections

2003 ◽  
Vol 1840 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Lyon ◽  
Jutaek Oh ◽  
Bhagwant Persaud ◽  
Simon Washington ◽  
Joe Bared
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Highway Safety ◽  
Design Model ◽  
Prediction Algorithm ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
The Impact

One major gap in transportation system safety management is the ability to assess the safety ramifications of design changes for both new road projects and modifications to existing roads. To fulfill this need, FHWA and its many partners are developing a safety forecasting tool, the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM). The tool will be used by roadway design engineers, safety analysts, and planners throughout the United States. As such, the statistical models embedded in IHSDM will need to be able to forecast safety impacts under a wide range of roadway configurations and environmental conditions for a wide range of driver populations and will need to be able to capture elements of driving risk across states. One of the IHSDM algorithms developed by FHWA and its contractors is for forecasting accidents on rural road segments and rural intersections. The methodological approach is to use predictive models for specific base conditions, with traffic volume information as the sole explanatory variable for crashes, and then to apply regional or state calibration factors and accident modification factors (AMFs) to estimate the impact on accidents of geometric characteristics that differ from the base model conditions. In the majority of past approaches, AMFs are derived from parameter estimates associated with the explanatory variables. A recent study for FHWA used a multistate database to examine in detail the use of the algorithm with the base model-AMF approach and explored alternative base model forms as well as the use of full models that included nontraffic-related variables and other approaches to estimate AMFs. That research effort is reported. The results support the IHSDM methodology.

scholarly journals Gender Gap in US Public Opinion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Kate Lizotte
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Science Article

In a representative democracy, policymakers, elected officials, and bureaucrats should heed public opinion. Research to date provides evidence that policymakers do care about the public’s positions on policy and that presidential administrations often seek public approval of their legislative agenda (see the Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science article, “Policy Responsiveness to Public Opinion” by Robert S. Erikson. Therefore, it is valuable to understand consistent and significant influences on the public’s policy positions and political attitudes. Gender appears to be a consistent and often significant influence on opinion. Generally, women tend to be more likely than men to adopt liberal positions on a long list of policies, including force issues, the size of the welfare state, the environment, and equal rights. For certain issues, gender seems to have a more complicated, or more conservative, influence, such as on abortion and on the legalization of marijuana. Overall, gender matters when considering public opinion in the United States. Moreover, issue gaps partially account for the gender gap in party identification and vote choice where women are more likely than men to identify as Democrats and vote for Democratic candidates. For example, in electoral simulations when women are given the same policy positions as men, a considerable reduction in the voting gender gap occurs. Readers interested in how gender influences political behavior should consult the Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science article, “Gender, Behavior, and Representation” by Elisabeth Gidengil. With women being slightly more than half of the population and being more likely to vote than men in recent elections, gender differences in policy preferences have substantial political consequences. This article discusses research on several issue areas with established gender gaps in opinion and provides a brief overview of scholarship investigating the origins of gender differences in public opinion. Much of the research cited here focuses on gender differences in public opinion but some material controls only for gender and finds a significant relationship.

Gender Differences in IT Use in the U.S. and Japan

2008 ◽  
pp. 3174-3202
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Madeline Zavodny
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
It Use ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

As information technology (IT) has become more common in everyday use, so too have concerns about the digital divide—unequal access to and use of IT across demographic groups and countries. Understanding the extent and causes of the digital divide is important because IT skills have become increasingly vital to individuals’ economic success. Although IT is widely available in both the United States and Japan, there are notable gender differences in its actual usage between the two countries. In the United States, the gender gap in IT use has narrowed over time, and according to some measures, women are at least as likely as men to use computers. In Japan, however, sizable gender gaps in IT use persist. The contrasting patterns of IT use in the United States and Japan reflect differences in the structure of social organizations and institutions in the two countries. Studying gender differences in IT use across countries thus requires a nuanced understanding of the institutional context under which gender inequality is generated. Using the United States and Japan as contrasting examples, this article examines how gender differences in IT use evolve from gender inequality in broader cultural settings, particularly labor market institutions.

Gender Differences in Fields of Specialization and Placement Outcomes among PhDs in Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nicole Fortin ◽  
Thomas Lemieux ◽  
Marit Rehavi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Job Placement ◽  
Assistant Professors ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent economics PhD candidates. Women are underrepresented as assistant professors, especially at top-50 institutions, and overrepresented in nonresearch positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28 percent to 67 percent of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75 percent to 132 percent) of the explained differences for positions outside of top-50 institutions. For top-50 institutions, the ranking of the PhD institutions accounts for two-thirds of the explained placement differences.

The Research of Economic Evaluation Model for Construction Conserves Energy Retrofitting Technology of Existing Buildings

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6862-6868
Author(s):  
Guo Qi Xing ◽  
Wei Wei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
The Impact

In the established model of economic evaluation, it considers the impact of construction conserves energy elements of existing buildings and adopts payback period of dynamic energy as the evaluation criteria. It proves that the model has practical value by using DeST-h software to simulate building energy consumption of existing buildings and retrofitting buildings.

Gender Gaps, Partisan Gaps, and Cross-Pressures: An Examination of American Attitudes toward the Use of Force

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michael A. Hansen ◽  
Jennifer L. Clemens ◽  
Kathleen Dolan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Congressional Election ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article explores the gender gap in attitudes toward the use of military force in the United States. Given that the United States has been continuously engaged in war for the last 17 years, we revisit the topic and explore whether a gender gap in attitudes persists by utilizing Cooperative Congressional Election Study data for 2006–16. In addition, given the primacy of partisanship to issue attitudes, we go beyond examining the gender gap to explore the impact of partisanship on these attitudes. We find that women are less likely than men to support the use of force in most circumstances. We also find gender gaps in the Democratic and Republican parties and acknowledge the diversity among women and among men in these attitudes because of partisan identity. Finally, we identify points of cross-pressure on individuals whose gender and partisan identities pull them in different directions, namely, Republican women and Democratic men.

Gender and Local Political Interest: Some International Comparisons

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette C. Hayes ◽  
Clive S. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Political Interest

Since the 1970s, political science research suggests no significant gender differences in overall levels of participation. For example, an examination of current rates of conventional political participation and voter turnout indicates little difference between men and women in either the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, Italy or other western industrial nations.1 Despite this disappearance of gender differences in political participation, however, both national and international research suggests an enduring gender gap in political interest. Regardless of country of origin, women remain less politically interested than men.2

Uncertainty and the Shadow Banking Crisis: Estimates from a Dynamic Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Shadow Banking ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Asset Return ◽  
Shadow Banks ◽  
Uncertainty Shocks ◽  
Maturity Mismatch ◽  
The Impact

Shadow banks play an important role in the modern financial system and are arguably the source of key vulnerabilities that led to the 2007–2009 financial crisis. I develop a quantitative framework with uncertainty fluctuations and endogenous bank default to study the dynamics of shadow banking. I argue that the increase in asset return uncertainty during the crisis results in a spread spike, making it more costly for shadow banks to roll over their debt in the short-term debt market. As a result, these financial institutions are forced to deleverage, leading to a decrease in credit intermediation. The model is estimated using a bank-level data set of shadow banks in the United States. The parameter estimates imply that uncertainty shocks can explain 72% of asset contraction and 70% of deleveraging in the shadow banking sector. Maturity mismatch and asset fire-sales amplify the impact of the uncertainty shocks. First-moment shocks to bank asset return, financial shocks, or fire-sale cost shocks alone cannot reproduce the large interbank spread spike, dramatic deleveraging, or contraction in the U.S. shadow banking sector during the crisis. The model also allows for policy experiments. I analyze how unconventional monetary policies can help to counter the rise in the interbank spread, thus stabilizing the credit supply. Taking bank moral hazard into consideration, I find that government bailout might be counterproductive as it might result in more aggressive risk-taking among shadow banks, especially when bailout decisions are based on bank characteristics. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.

Gender differences in faculty rank and subspecialty choice in academic medical oncology.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11013-11013
Author(s):  
Laura Graham ◽  
Ali Raza Khaki ◽  
Alexandra Sokolova ◽  
Nancy E. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Medical Oncology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Academic Rank ◽  
Faculty Rank ◽  
Cancer Centers ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Medical Oncologists

11013 Background: The gender gap in the United States healthcare field has been closing. In 2000 women made up 45% of medical school matriculants and by 2017 outnumbered men. Based on our personal observations at academic meetings, however, we hypothesized that gender differences persist in faculty rank and subspecialty choice in academic medical oncology. Methods: We created a database of medical oncologists at the top 15 cancer centers as ranked by the U.S News and World Report in 2019. We identified all medical oncology faculty in the subspecialty fields of breast, gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU) and thoracic oncology from institution websites (12/2019-1/2020). Faculty working only at satellite clinics (i.e. non-research appointments), and the few faculty in more than one subspecialty group, were excluded. Gender (determined by pictures), subspecialty and academic rank were recorded based on data from institution websites and professional social networking sites. Proportions of men and women in each subspecialty and at each faculty rank were calculated; odds ratios (OR) and χ2 tests were used for comparisons. Results: 346 men and 244 women were identified as subspecialty medical oncologists, comprising 59% and 41% of faculty members, respectively. Gender representation by subspecialty and academic rank are shown in the Table. Breast oncology had more women oncologists than men (OR 2.9, p < 0.001); GU oncology had fewer women (OR 0.3, p < 0.001). The representation of women and men was comparable at the lower academic ranks (instructor, assistant and associate professors). But at the top rank of full professor, only 31% were women (OR 0.54, p = 0.001). Notably, even in breast oncology, the one subspecialty with a greater proportion of women, women still comprised a lower proportion of full professors than men. Conclusions: Gender differences persist in academic medical oncology. At the top 15 US cancer centers, gender differences are seen in subspecialty representation, with more men in GU oncology and more women in breast oncology. Fewer women than men achieve the rank of full professor, even in breast oncology. Additional research is needed to explore the causes of, and contributors to, these differences as well as their impact. [Table: see text]

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