*! few inches up to around 3 ft depending on the manufacturer. The impellers are of cast construction, which reduces the cost but also obviates customizing of the impeller with-out incurring added cost. Propeller mixers can be installed on a vertical centerline, on an angle off the vertical, or through the sidewall of the process vessel. Centerline installation requires the use of baffles in the vessel. Side-entering designs offer the advantage of very ef-fective pumping for low horsepower and low initial cost in large vessels over 1000 gal. However, side-entering designs must have a seal that has to contend with side loads of the candlevered shaft. This has been a problem in some critical sanitary applications. However, if the batches are very large, a side-entering prop mixer may be a logical alternative to top-centerline-installed axial- and radial-flow turbines. The most often used installation configuration is the top-entering angled method. This method produces a good circulation pattern in the process mixing tank without the

1998 ◽  
pp. 334-334
Keyword(s):  
Radial Flow ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Vessels ◽  
Vessel Centerline ◽  
Process Vessel

scholarly journals ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL PROVISION OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Babenko ◽  
◽  
Valentina Vasilyeva ◽  
Еlena Коnovalova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Base Management ◽  
Clear Delineation ◽  
Freight Forwarding ◽  
The Cost

In the course of research it has been stated that the category of «inventories» is not only the object of accounting, but also the object of management, so the identification of inventories in the assets upon receipt at the enterprise is the initial stage of the accounting process. The process of material and technical base management begins at the stage of searching for suppliers, delivery conditions, formation of the logistics component, determination of transport and procurement costs. There is no doubt that the additional costs associated with these processes will affect the formation of the value of purchased inventories. Therefore, the authors emphasize that the methods of estimating inventories at their receipt and disposal play an important role in accounting, as they affect the formation of the cost of finished goods produced from inventories, and hence the overall financial performance of the enterprise. It should also be taken into account that in accordance with the norms of UAS 9, only the amounts of transportation and procurement costs related to the acquisition (receipt) of inventories are subject to inclusion in the initial cost. In practice, the increase in the value of inventories often includes costs incurred in connection with the internal transportation of inventories on the territory of the enterprise or between its structural units; costs arising from the return of inventories to the supplier; costs for loading, transportation, transshipment and insurance of inventories, finished products (goods), freight forwarding and other services related to the sale of products (goods). Such costs do not affect the formation of the initial cost of inventories. Therefore, the authors highlighted the need for a clear delineation of these costs at specific enterprises with the reflection of provisions in the Order (Regulation) on accounting policies. Most scientists discuss the feasibility of search for a method of cost allocation during transportation, because during this process there can be losses of inventories both within the established norms of natural loss, excessive losses and shortages, as well as spoiled inventories found during asset recognition. The authors gave their own view on the possibility of solving this problem. The solving approach has been presented as well as the peculiarities of the reflection of the distributed transport and procurement costs in the system of accounting have been considered. The situation when the company transport both purchased inventories and those, sold to customers, with its own transport has been considered. In such cases, the authors suggest a method of allocating transportation costs with subsequent allocation to transport and procurement costs, which increase the cost of purchased inventories and distribution costs.

completed machine would almost certainly be less than half that of a completed machine of the same kind. How s1(3) operates has been the subject of a detailed and critical analysis by Robert Goff J in the case of BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2), the defendant was granted a concession to explore for oil in Libya. He did not have the physical resources to carry out the exploration himself, so he sold a half share in the concession to BP, on condition that they would bear the initial cost of exploration. Accordingly, under this arrangement, BP’s expenses at the outset were likely to be very substantial, but on the assumption that oil was discovered, that expenditure would be recouped as oil continued to come on stream. The nature of the contract was that should oil not be discovered, the risk would be borne by BP, but, on the assumption that oil was discovered, BP’s expenses would be paid for out of the defendant’s receipts. Oil was discovered in 1967, but in 1971, the Libyan Government expropriated BP’s share of the concession and, in 1973, the defendant’s share was also expropriated. Accordingly, BP had received some payment, but this went only so far as to cover two-thirds of their initial expenditure. On the other hand, since the defendant had no expenses, all moneys received by him amounted to profit once the concession had been paid for. Goff J adopted a two stage approach to s1(3), stating that it was necessary first to identify and value what benefit had been conferred on the defendant, since on the wording of s1(3), this set a ceiling on the amount which could be awarded by way of a just sum. Secondly, it was necessary to award a just sum, taking account of the value of the benefit conferred and the cost to the performer of the work he had done prior to the frustrating event. For these purposes, the benefit to the defendant will be assessed by reference to the end product of the service provided by the other party: BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 783, p 799

1995 ◽  
pp. 388-392
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

Estimating Activity Costs: How the Provision of Accurate Historical Activity Data from a Biased Cost System Can Improve Individuals' Cost Estimation Accuracy

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan L. Heitger
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Cost System ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Activity Cost ◽  
Historical Activity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Activity Costs

An integral component of effective cost control and performance evaluation is the ability to accurately estimate relationships between activities and overhead costs (i.e., activity costs). Individuals using a single cost pool system often have to rely on memory of historical activity data when estimating activity costs. If individuals' recall of data is representative of the historical data, then reliance on memory should not be detrimental to cost estimation accuracy. However, individuals often possess incorrect initial beliefs about activity costs. These incorrect beliefs are expected to serve as an anchor from which individuals make insufficient adjustments when estimating activity costs based on memory of historical activity data. Multiple cost pool systems frequently provide biased standard rates; however, such systems also provide accurate historical activity data when individuals estimate costs. I extend prior accounting research by experimentally examining whether a multiple cost pool system's provision of accurate historical activity data improves activity cost estimation for individuals with incorrect cost beliefs even when the cost system also provides biased standard rates. The main contribution of the study is its finding that the multiple cost pool system's provision of historical activity data improves individuals' adjustments from their incorrect initial cost beliefs when estimating activity costs, thereby increasing their estimation accuracy. The results suggest that this improved adjustment from incorrect initial cost beliefs occurs because the provision of historical activity data improves individuals' recognition of how wrong their initial cost beliefs were in reality. This result is achieved even though the cost system provides biased standard rates. The ability of flawed cost systems to improve individuals' activity cost estimation in other such ways has received little research attention and is important because of its potential for improving managerial decision making.

Electricity Generation From a Compound Parabolic Concentrator Coupled to a Thermoelectric Module

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chigbo A. Mgbemene ◽  
John Duffy ◽  
Hongwei Sun ◽  
Samuel O. Onyegegbu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Compound Parabolic Concentrator ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
The Cost

Generating electricity from the sun using a combination of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and a thermoelectric module (TEM) has been studied. The system was modeled, analyzed and tested. The model equations and the methodology used for the demonstration are presented and experimentally validated. The experimental setup comprised a manually fabricated CPC placed on a commercially available TEM. The results showed that the combination can generate and sustain enough power for a small appliance. It was also shown that there is enough dissipated heat from the system which could be harnessed for additional uses. The cost is still high, about $35/Wp, but if credit is given for the thermal energy the initial cost goes down.

Initial Experiments in the use of DDT Against Mosquitos in British Guiana

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Symes ◽  
A. B. Hadaway
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Darlingi ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Internal Wall ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Small Variety ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Apparent Reduction ◽  
The Cost

1. Simple trials of the effect on mosquitos of single applications of DDT to the internal surfaces of houses were initiated in British Guiana during the period 27th January to 20th April, 1945.2. The solution used in the first two trials was 4·6 per cent. DDT (72 per cent. para para) in kerosene applied at the rate of about 2 quarts per 1,000 square feet (i.e., approximately 100 mg. of crude DDT per square foot).3. An apparent reduction in the house population of Anopheles darlingi, the chief malaria vector, followed the treatment. Reduction exceeded 99·7 per cent. over eight weeks in the treated houses on one estate and 98·8 per cent. over six weeks on another.4. In a third trial with a small variety of simple formulations, promising results were obtained with a 6 per cent. emulsion and a 2½ per cent. solution. But mosquito catches over a short period suggest that mud walls, thatch and whitewash may interfere to some extent with the action of DDT.5. The cost of applications was of the order of one shilling and sixpence for each room (or small hut) of about 1,000 sq. feet internal wall and ceiling surface. This estimate does not include European supervision or the initial cost and depreciation of apparatus.

Statistical Analyses on Usage of Water Heater in Urban Residential Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 748-751
Author(s):  
Zhao Xia Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Heat Pump Water Heater ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Residential Water

A survey for water heater in urban residential buildings is carried in Wuhan. The results show that more than 40% subjects use solar energy water heat. More than 20% subjects point out the energy consumption of water heater should be decreased. There are about 24.8% subjects take initial cost as the first place when they chose water heater. 44.2% subjects know about heat pump water heater, but they could not buy it if the initial cost is too high. There are 84% subjects could select heat pump water heater when the cost is no more 20% high than the average price of the common water heaters. Moreover, the energy consumptions of residential water heaters are also investigated. The energy consumption characteristics of water heater in Wuhan are analyzed.

Electricity Generation From a Compound Parabolic Concentrator Coupled to a Thermoelectric Module

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chigbo A. Mgbemene ◽  
John Duffy ◽  
Hongwei Sun ◽  
Samuel O. Onyegegbu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Compound Parabolic Concentrator ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
The Cost

Generating electricity from the sun using a combination of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and a thermoelectric module (TEM) has been studied. The system was modeled, analyzed, and tested. The model equations and the methodology used for the demonstration are presented and experimentally validated. The experimental setup comprised a manually fabricated CPC placed on a commercially available TEM. The results showed that the combination can generate and sustain enough power for a small appliance. It was also shown that there is enough dissipated heat from the system, which could be harnessed for additional uses. The cost is still high, about $35/Wp, but if credit is given for the thermal energy the initial cost goes down.

Navy Experimental Work with Cathodic Protection★

CORROSION ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRVING D. GESSOW
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Corrosion Damage ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Sacrificial Anodes ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Impressed Current ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Polluted Waters

Abstract An account is given of work done by the Navy Bureau of Ships with cathodic protection of active and reserve ships. Because it is difficult to dissociate costs for maintenance and corrosion protection it is impossible to say whether or not the cost of cathodic protection of active ships is merited. Because corrosion damage to hulls seldom is considered except when perforations occur, or in destroyers and sub-marines where plates are thinner and original dimensions more critical, there is some belief that cathodic protection for all ships cannot be justified on a cost basis. With inactive ships, however, the reverse is true. Indefinite extension of drydocking times, the interval contingent on the exhaustion of anti-fouling paints, is anticipated. Initial cost of cathodic protection of active destroyers, submarines, and five types of reserve ships is tabulated. Details of cathodic protection systems for reserve ships are given. Criteria of protection differ somewhat from the accepted standards. In polluted waters inactive ships may require a potential in excess of 1 volt, while in other high resistivity waters 0.85 to 0.95 volts are sufficient. Some data are given on the cathodic protection of active ships. Merits of sacrificial anodes versus impressed current are listed. Extensive further activity in cathodically protecting active ships is contingent on the outcome of trials now under way.

A Novel Reactor Configuration for Industrial Methanol Production From the Synthesis Gas

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Payam Parvasi ◽  
Seyyed Mohammad Jokar
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Radial Flow ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Packed Bed Reactor ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Reactor Models ◽  
The Cost

In this work, the methanol synthesis on a commercial industrial catalyst in a novel cylindrical radial flow packed-bed reactor is investigated. The adiabatic and nonadiabatic cylindrical radial flow reactors were proposed and modeled in this research. The proposed configuration has been compared with conventional reactor for methanol production. It leads to higher methanol production and lower pressure drop, with the same catalyst consumption. Furthermore, the results show that the nonadiabatic radial flow packed-bed reactor has a higher methanol content compared with the adiabatic one. The improvement in methanol production was studied by optimizing the essential parameters such as inlet temperatures of the feed and cooling water as well as the number of cooling tubes. The nonlinearity and complexity of the reactor models make the traditional optimization methods ineffective and improbable. Therefore, the process was optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) method, which is one of the most powerful methods. The optimum values for the number of cooling tubes, feed and cooling water temperatures were 308, 507.6 K, and 522.43 K, respectively. The optimization results showed that a new reactor design could be proposed to reduce the cost of methanol synthesis.

Benefits and feasibility of local elimination of possum populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Morgan ◽  
G. Nugent ◽  
B. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Regulatory Status ◽  
The Cost

Introduction of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) to New Zealand has resulted in serious ecological and economic impacts and considerable control efforts. Recovery of possum populations after control occurs through immigration from adjacent areas and breeding of survivors and immigrants. If complete local elimination can be achieved, the recovery of populations will depend solely on immigration and therefore should be substantially slowed (particularly in very large areas). To compare the cost-effectiveness of four control strategies over the long term (60 years), we constructed a deterministic bioeconomic model based on 23 variables describing population characteristics, sizes of the sink (i.e. area controlled) and source (of reinfestation) areas, and costs. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential variables related primarily to cost and effectiveness of control, whereas factors describing immigration after control had relatively little influence. When the most influential variables were varied, the model predicted that local elimination of possums followed by ‘perimeter’ control is likely to be a more cost-effective control strategy under most scenarios than the current ‘knockdown-then-maintenance-control’ approach. Possum-control technology and its application have improved greatly in the last three decades such that it now appears that local elimination is, technically, a realistic goal, and is possibly already being achieved occasionally. Constraining factors include unreliable monitoring/detection at ultralow densities, inappropriate selection and use of control options, lack of incentive under the present contracting system, initial cost, contracting capacity, and the future regulatory status of poisons. However, these difficulties can be overcome, facilitating the adoption of long-term local elimination strategies that are better suited to managing possum populations in perpetuity.

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