National Security and Counterterrorism Policy Formulation

2008 ◽  
pp. 147-172
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Counterterrorism Policy

II. Policy Formulation for National Security

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney W. Souers
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Security ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Military Campaign

The National Security Council, created by the National Security Act of 1947, is the instrument through which the President obtains the collective advice of the appropriate officials of the executive branch concerning the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. An outline of the genesis of this new governmental agency will indicate in part its present rôle.Even before World War II, a few far-sighted men were seeking for a means of correlating our foreign policy with our military and economic capabilities. During the war, as military operations began to have an increasing political and economic effect, the pressure for such a correlation increased. It became apparent that the conduct of the war involved more than a purely military campaign to defeat the enemy's armed forces. Questions arose of war aims, of occupational policies, of relations with governments-in-exile and former enemy states, of the postwar international situation with its implications for our security, and of complicated international machinery.

Islamization of criminal behaviour: The path to terrorism? Terrorist threat and crime in French counterterrorism policy-formulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia D’Amato
Keyword(s):  
Group Analysis ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Terrorist Threat ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Parliamentary Debates ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Counterterrorism Policy

Several studies have covered wide-ranging features of terrorist groups and organization from both a state-centric and a strictly group analysis perspective. Rather than offering insights to determine the ‘nature’ of these forms of violence, this article focuses on states’ perception and process of construction of terrorism based on allegations of being criminals, religious extremists or psychologically disturbed people. It does so by reconstructing the determinants of the way French policy-makers have understood, communicated and approached the terrorist enemy since the 9/11 attacks. More than 150 documents, including parliamentary debates and strategic documents, have been analysed so as to understand the evolution of the image of the threat, its connection to crime and the political implications of this representation.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Strategis Mitigasi Ancaman Peredaran Orbit Satelit terhadap Keamanan Nasional: Pendekatan Analytical Hierarchy Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herdis Herdiansyah
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Space Debris ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The threat of circulating space orbit is considered by some to be a threat to the national security of one country, because the potential dangers such as space junk produce significant damage to affected areas. But until now Indonesia, despite ratifying the UN convention on space, does not yet have a comprehensive mitigation strategy. This study aims to create policy scenarios in mitigating the threat of satellite orbit circulation so that it can be used as an alternative policy formulation for relevant institutions. The research method is carried out with a mix method approach that is adjusted to each research objective such as using literature study and AHP analysis. AHP analysis shows that respondents want international cooperation to be built, both bilateral and multilateral cooperation must prioritize national security while upholding the values of friendship and mutual respect. Comprehensive space debris mitigation policies need to be formulated and defined as the basis for action. Considering that the impact of space debris is very dangerous and massive, the use of space technology is a necessity to be used to anticipate, deal quickly and minimize the impact of the disaster.

International Terrorism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Moore
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Social Outcome ◽  
Nonstate Actor ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Counterterrorism Policy

This chapter examines international terrorism, defined as the use or threatened use of violence by a nonstate actor to arouse fear in a population with the goal of achieving a political or social outcome. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the changing role of international terrorism in U.S. national security policy, and then presents various scholarly approaches applied to understanding the causes of terrorism. The next section discusses counterterrorism strategies, focusing on the relative effectiveness of repressive versus conciliatory instruments and targeted versus indiscriminate approaches to countering terror. The chapter ends with a summary of lessons learned and recommendations for those involved in shaping U.S. counterterrorism policy.

National Security Council

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 111-111
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
National Security Council ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Policy Proposals

The National Security Council has several functions in the foreign policy formulation process. NSC is responsible for coordinating interagency policy efforts to assure coherent policy proposals and implementation; for generating policy proposals of its own; and for coordinating policy research projects. NSC also makes sure that proposals mesh with existing U.S. policy. In discharging its responsibilities the NSC staff works closely with officials of the Department of State and other government agencies. Two NSC staff members are concerned with Africa. One covers all countries in sub-Saharan Africa and the other is responsible for the Horn of Africa. These two staff members work closely together on policy questions concerning Somalia, Ethiopia, and Sudan.

scholarly journals A Theory on the Involvement of Religion in National Security Policy Formulation and Implementation: The Case of Israel before and after the Religionization of Its Security Environment

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Moria Bar-Maoz
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Time ◽  
Freedom Of Action

This article offers, for the first time, a theoretical model of religion’s influence on the formulation and execution of national security policies. To build this model, it analyses the influence of religion on Israel’s national security policymaking—before and after Israel’s security environment went through a process of religionization beginning in the 1970s. The article proposes that religion’s effect on national security policymaking is comprised of three tiers that follow one another in the decision making sequence and, yet, are independent from one another: (1) operational beliefs embedded in the state’s security thinking on the relations between religion and security; (2) opportunities and constraints on the state’s freedom of action, due to the role religion plays in global, regional and domestic politics as well as bilateral relations; and (3) governmental utilization of religion to realize national security goals. At its conclusion, the article demonstrates that the model is applicable to other countries as well, using the case of France’s policies in the 21st century.

“The Hamlet of Nations”: The Rhetoric and Reality of the Reagan Administration’s Counterterrorism Policy, 1980–1985

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
Counterterrorism Policy

This chapter reveals that the concept of waging war against terrorists did not arise from the ruins of the World Trade Center, but can in fact be traced back to a small group of counterterrorism hardliners within the Reagan administration. This group, consisting of Secretary of State George Shultz, Director of the CIA William Casey, and the National Security Council (NSC) member responsible for low-intensity warfare, Lt. Col. Oliver North, pushed for the United States to adopt a policy of preemptive force and lethal retaliation as measures of self-defense against the emerging threat posed to U.S. citizens by increasingly well organized and motivated terrorist groups. Though their calls for an aggressive American stance were never fully adopted, their philosophy prompted the establishment of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC).

scholarly journals Politisasi Kebijakan dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Keamanan Nasional

Humaniora ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Yusa Djuyandi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Security ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Political Question

Discussion of the draft of National Security Act in the House of Representatives cannot be separated from the political charge. Politicization of policy formulation in the draft of National Security Act sometimes can lead to the policy distortion. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the policy politicization of National Security Act draft. This study revealed that from the aspect of “all questions political questions”, the Parliament gives a political question in the framework of the process of policy control. In the second aspect, “all issues political issues”, issues that arise and become a concern are issues which are considered threaten the human rights and democracy. In the third, “all values political values”, the parliament is fighting for the human rights and democracy values. From the last aspect of “all decisions political decisions”, the parliament political decision for not approving the draft, because it is not in favor with the agenda of reformation and democracy. This study concluded that the politicization of policy in the Draft Law is still considered normal. Politicization occurred because policy adoption involves the executive and the legislature, in the context of political checks and balances. 

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