Psychological Constructs versus Neural Mechanisms: Different Perspectives for Advanced Research of Cognitive Processes and Development of Neuroadaptive Technologies

2012 ◽  
pp. 17-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Constructs

If Eyes are the Window to Our Soul, What Role does Eye-Tracking Play in Accounting Research?

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Lynch ◽  
Lindsay M. Andiola
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Accounting ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Instructional Resource ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Research Domains

ABSTRACT Recent advances in technology have increased the accessibility and ease in using eye-tracking as a research tool. These advances have the potential to benefit behavioral accounting researchers' understanding of the cognitive processes underlying individuals' judgments, decisions, and behaviors. However, despite its potential and wide use in other disciplines, few behavioral accounting studies use eye-tracking. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize accounting researchers with eye-tracking, including its advantages and limitations as a research tool. We start by providing an overview of eye-tracking and discussing essential terms and useful metrics, as well as the psychological constructs they proxy. We then summarize eye-tracking research across research domains, review accounting studies that use eye-tracking, and identify future research directions across accounting topics. Finally, we provide an instructional resource to guide those researchers interested in using eye-tracking, including important considerations at each stage of the study. JEL Classifications: M41; C91.

A Fundamental Cognitive Taxonomy for Cognition Aids

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-873
Author(s):  
Anne Collins McLaughlin ◽  
Vicky E. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Declarative Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Cognitive Aids ◽  
Basic Level

Objective This study aimed to organize the literature on cognitive aids to allow comparison of findings across studies and link the applied work of aid development to psychological constructs and theories of cognition. Background Numerous taxonomies have been developed, all of which label cognitive aids via their surface characteristics. This complicates integration of the literature, as a type of aid, such as a checklist, can provide many different forms of support (cf. prospective memory for steps and decision support for alternative diagnoses). Method In this synthesis of the literature, we address the disparate findings and organize them at their most basic level: Which cognitive processes does the aid need to support? Which processes do they support? Such processes include attention, perception, decision making, memory, and declarative knowledge. Results Cognitive aids can be classified into the processes they support. Some studies focused on how an aid supports the cognitive processes demanded by the task (aid function). Other studies focused on supporting the processes needed to utilize the aid (aid usability). Conclusion Classifying cognitive aids according to the processes they support allows comparison across studies in the literature and a formalized way of planning the design of new cognitive aids. Once the literature is organized, theory-based guidelines and applied examples can be used by cognitive aid researchers and designers. Application Aids can be designed according to the cognitive processes they need to support. Designers can be clear about their focus, either examining how to support specific cognitive processes or improving the usability of the aid.

Comparative Cognition: Toward a General Understanding of Cognition in Behavior

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Comparative Cognition ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
The Future

Human and nonhuman animals alike must adjust to complex and ever-changing circumstances if they are to survive and reproduce. Advanced neural mechanisms enable animals to remember the past, to act in the present, and to plan for the future. Exploring the species generality of cognitive processes in behavior is central to the field of comparative cognition. A comparative perspective may not only broaden but also deepen our understanding of cognition—both in human and in nonhuman animals.

Insufficiency of Product-Moment Correlation for Factor Analysis of Bipolar Measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1647-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver C. S. Tzeng
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Alternative Index ◽  
Beta Coefficient ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation

This study examined the problems in using product-moment correlations for the 2 general functions of factor analysis, identification (or verification) and use of psychological constructs embedded in bipolar ratings. For illustration, a set of fictitious semantic differential ratings, with known structural similarities and differences between concept profiles, were factored. The results were assessed against 12 criteria for evaluation derived from simultaneous considerations of issues in statistics, measurement, and psychosemantics. It was concluded that solutions from factor analysis of r coefficients do not identify or verify underlying attributional relationships among concepts implicit in subjects' cognitive processes and manifest in ratings. An alternative index, Beta Coefficient, was then used to illustrate its advantage in analysis of the hypothetical bipolar ratings. Implications of the present study are discussed.

scholarly journals Between-subject variability in the influence of mental imagery on conscious perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dijkstra ◽  
M. Hinne ◽  
S. E. Bosch ◽  
M. A. J. van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
As Effects

Abstract Mental imagery and visual perception rely on similar neural mechanisms, but the function of this overlap remains unclear. One idea is that imagery can influence perception. Previous research has shown that imagining a stimulus prior to binocular presentation of rivalling stimuli increases the chance of perceiving the imagined stimulus. In this study we investigated how this effect interacts with bottom-up sensory input by comparing psychometric response curves for congruent and incongruent imagery in humans. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used, allowing us to simultaneously study group-level effects as well as effects for individual participants. We found strong effects of both imagery as well as its interaction with sensory evidence within individual participants. However, the direction of these effects were highly variable between individuals, leading to weak effects at the group level. This highlights the heterogeneity of conscious perception and emphasizes the need for individualized investigation of such complex cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Human-level saccade detection performance using deep neural networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie E. Bellet ◽  
Joachim Bellet ◽  
Hendrikje Nienborg ◽  
Ziad M. Hafed ◽  
Philipp Berens
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Level Performance

Saccades are ballistic eye movements that rapidly shift gaze from one location of visual space to another. Detecting saccades in eye movement recordings is important not only for studying the neural mechanisms underlying sensory, motor, and cognitive processes, but also as a clinical and diagnostic tool. However, automatically detecting saccades can be difficult, particularly when such saccades are generated in coordination with other tracking eye movements, like smooth pursuits, or when the saccade amplitude is close to eye tracker noise levels, like with microsaccades. In such cases, labeling by human experts is required, but this is a tedious task prone to variability and error. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect saccades at human-level performance accuracy. Our algorithm surpasses state of the art according to common performance metrics, and will facilitate studies of neurophysiological processes underlying saccade generation and visual processing.

Psychological Constructs versus Neural Mechanisms

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Trzopek ◽  
Magdalena Fafrowicz ◽  
Tadeusz Marek ◽  
Waldemar Karwowski
Keyword(s):  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Constructs

Investigating the Spatial and Temporal Components of Speech Production

2019 ◽  
pp. 471-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greig I. de Zubicaray ◽  
Vitória Piai
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping ◽  
Overt Speech ◽  
Healthy Participants

The cognitive processes and neural mechanisms supporting language production have received considerably less research attention than those involved in language comprehension. This situation is partly attributable to the methodological challenges involved in acquiring electrophysiological and neuroimaging data during overt speech. However, current knowledge is increasing with the addition of lesion-symptom mapping studies in patients, and the application of novel brain-stimulation technologies. This chapter reviews findings from a range of studies investigating the spatial and temporal components of speech production in patients and healthy participants, with a particular emphasis on those employing psycholinguistic paradigms to identify and characterize core processes and components of the network involved in retrieving words from the mental lexicon.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the influence of mental imagery on conscious perception

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dijkstra ◽  
M. Hinne ◽  
S.E. Bosch ◽  
M.A.J. van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
As Effects

AbstractMental imagery and visual perception rely on similar neural mechanisms, but the function of this overlap remains unclear. One idea is that imagery can influence perception. Previous research has shown that imagining a stimulus prior to binocular presentation of rivalling stimuli increases the chance of perceiving the imagined stimulus. In this study we investigated how this effect interacts with bottom-up sensory input by comparing psychometric response curves for congruent and incongruent imagery in humans. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used, allowing us to simultaneously study group-level effects as well as effects for individual participants. We found strong effects of both imagery as well as its interaction with sensory evidence within individual participants. However, the direction of these effects were highly variable between individuals, leading to weak effects at the group level. This highlights the heterogeneity of conscious perception and emphasizes the need for individualized investigation of such complex cognitive processes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document