Cattle Ectoparasites in Extensive and Intensive Cattle Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Alec C. Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Cattle Systems

scholarly journals Evolution in Configuration and Productivity of New Zealand Hill Country Sheep and Beef Cattle Systems

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Januarius Gobilik ◽  
Stephen Todd Morris ◽  
Cory Matthew
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Cattle Systems

Metabolic energy budgeting (MEB) was used to evaluate evolution over 30 years (1980–1981 to 2010–2011) in New Zealand southern North Island ‘hill country’ sheep and beef cattle systems. MEB calculates energy required by animals for body weight maintenance, weight gain or loss, pregnancy, and lactation to estimate the system feed demand and thereby provide a basis for calculating feed conversion efficiency. Historic production systems were reconstructed and modeled using averaged data from industry surveys and data from owners’ diaries of three case-study farms and reviewed for patterns of change over time. The modeling indicated that pasture productivity was 11% lower and herbage harvested was 14% lower in 2010–2011 than in the early 1980s. This productivity decline is attributable to warmer, drier summer weather in recent years. However, primarily through increased lambing percentage, feed conversion efficiency based on industry data improved over the study period from 25 to 19 kg feed consumed per kg lamb weaned, while meat production rose from 137 to 147 kg per ha per year. Similar improvements were observed for the three case farms. The New Zealand MEB model was found effective for analysis of tropical beef production systems in Sabah, Malaysia.

scholarly journals Demonstrating control of forage allowance for beef cattle grazing Campos grassland in Uruguay to improve system productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Do Carmo ◽  
Gerónimo Cardozo ◽  
Martín Jaurena ◽  
Pablo Soca
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Cattle Systems ◽  
Physical Output

While low-cost technology can be applied within beef cattle systems to improve economic output and decrease economic risk, methodologies to increase adoption by farmers deserve attention. Here we report 4 case studies where low-cost, high-impact technology was applied on commercial farms in an endeavor to demonstrate increased physical output in what we describe as 'Producer Demonstration Sites'. Forage allowance (FA) affects forage growth, forage intake by animals and energy partitioning to maintenance or production. We decided to demonstrate the benefits to production from controlling forage allowance at specific recommended levels. While we focused on FA, other management tools, e.g. suckling restriction and energy supplementation of cows prior to breeding, were tested in different contexts and time periods to improve the critical responses mentioned. While increases in production from 3 of the farms were demonstrated, only 2 of the farmers showed interest in implementing the strategies on their farms subsequently. We conclude that control of forage allowance improved energy intake. For this approach to be successful and increase adoption, it is important to involve the farmers in discussions regarding the proposed changes from the outset as well as the monitoring of progress during the demonstration.

scholarly journals Variation and adaptation in limpograss (Hemarthria altissima)

1995 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
P.W. Woods ◽  
J.N. Couchman ◽  
H.A. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Hemarthria Altissima ◽  
Plant Morphological Traits ◽  
Cattle Systems ◽  
Future Work

Persistent and productive cultivars of limpograss (Hemarthriu altissima (Poir.) Stapf et C.E. Hubb.) are required if the species is to be useful in Northland cattle systems. A study was undertaken to investigate plant morphological traits, adaptation and persistence of 8 accessions. A series of abandoned research sites was revisited to determine long-term persistence and adaptation. Trials were established at 4 new sites throughout the northern North Island to assess morphological variation and plant survival. There was considerable variation in morphological traits assessed and plant survival, allowing scope for future selection. Bigalta used in earlier research trials had largely failed to persist under normal pasture management practices. Future work should use the cultivar Floralta. Keywords: adaptation, flowering, Hemarthria altissima, leaf, morphological variation, persistence, seed, stolon

scholarly journals Asymmetries of cattle and crop productivity and efficiency during Brazil’s agricultural expansion from 1975 to 2006

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Sparovek ◽  
Vinicius Guidotti ◽  
Luís Fernando Guedes Pinto ◽  
Göran Berndes ◽  
Alberto Barretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Rebound Effect ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Cattle Systems

Brazil has global importance for food production and conservation of natural resources. The country has plans to increase yields and commitments to decrease deforestation that require higher productivity. Plans and policies for the growth of Brazilian agriculture, however, have been made without an integrated analysis of the harvest and not supported by a universal metric regarding its efficiency. Applying methods to model flows of energy and matter along food supply chains for agricultural production from 1975 to 2006, we found that crop and cattle harvests and their productivity have increased during the last four decades in consolidated and deforestation frontier regions. Yet in 2006, crop protein production was 20 times larger than cattle protein, using an area 2.6 times smaller than pastures. Crop protein productivity was 0.25 ton.ha–1 with emissions of 2 ton GHG per ton of protein, while cattle productivity was 0.01 ton.ha–1 with emissions of 283 ton GHG per ton of protein. From 1975 to 2006, the portion of crop protein and energy going to feed increased while the portion going to direct human consumption decreased. Our findings suggest that more efficient food systems would be achieved by a combination of intensification of cattle systems, optimization of feed-meat systems and an increase in the share of the consumption of crops as a source of protein. We suggest an initial road map to the expansion of the cultivated area and intensification of agriculture for zero deforestation, efficient and sustainable land use and food systems where cattle pasture intensification is a transition that will last until the expansion of crops replace all pasture present on suitable arable land. During this transition, pasture area will decrease until it is limited only to marginal non-arable lands. Such change could be achieved by a robust strategy that combines penalties and incentives and prevents the risks of a rebound effect for the intensification of agriculture.

Response of autumn calving suckler cows to the feed additive Avotan

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 96-96
Author(s):  
B G Lowman ◽  
N A Scott ◽  
A J Mudd
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Glycopeptide Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Cattle Systems ◽  
Product Licence

Avotan is a feed additive commonly used in finishing and growing beef cattle systems to improve feed efficiency - producing higher liveweight gains on similar feed intakes. The active ingredient is a glycopeptide antibiotic (Avoparcin, Cyanamid UK) active against Gram - positive bacteria. In 1991 Avotan received an EEC product licence for use in dairy cows. Extensive trials showed that on average Avotan gave a 5% response in milk yield on the same level of feed intake with no effect on milk composition. No information was however available on the use of Avotan in beef cows. This trial reports on the response of autumn calving suckler cows to Avotan in terms of both cow and calf liveweight change and cow fertility.

scholarly journals Potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through different dairy cattle systems in subtropical regions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0234687
Author(s):  
Henrique M. N. Ribeiro-Filho ◽  
Maurício Civiero ◽  
Ermias Kebreab
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Cattle Systems

scholarly journals Influence of Follicular Growth Stimulation on Fertility of Beef Cows Treated with eCG or FSH in FTAI Protocols

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Diego Xavier Thedy ◽  
Carolina Gabriela Becker Berlitz ◽  
Carolina Rodrigues Oliveira ◽  
Débora Schneid Vaz Luiz ◽  
Gabriella Dos Santos Velho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Implant Removal ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Device Removal ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Cattle Systems ◽  
And Control

Background: The pregnancy rate in fixed-time insemination (FTAI) programs in beef cattle is affected by several factors, including the size of ovulatory follicle (OF). Induced ovulation of small OF (≤11 mm) reduces the chance of pregnancy after FTAI when compared to ovulation of larger follicles (≥12 mm). Hormonal treatments to enhance the follicle growth have been widely used in comercial beef cattle systems, aiming to improve the development of a dominant follicle. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of treatment with eCG or FSH at the time of progesterone implant removal on the diameter of OF, final follicle growth and pregnancy rate in beef cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Three hundred and seven suckled beef cows with body condition score 2.80 ± 0.24 (1 to 5 scale) and 45 to 70 days postpartum were synchronized to FTAI. On day 0, intravaginal implants containing 1 g of progesterone, were inserted and administered 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB), i.m. On day 7, intravaginal implants were removed and 150 µg of D-cloprostenol were administered i.m. At this time, three groups were assigned according to the treatments: eCG (400 UI eCG, i.m.), FSH (25 UI FSH, i.m.) and Control (1 mL Saline, i.m.). On day 8, all cows were injected with 1mg EB i.m. and were inseminated 52 to 56 h after the implant removal. Transrectal ultrasonography exams of ovaries were performed at the time of implant removal and before FTAI to determine the diameter of the largest follicle and the follicular daily growth. Pregnancy exams were conducted by transretal ultrasonography 30 days after FTAI. Statistical analyzes were performed by Chi-square test for pregnancy rate. Ovarian diameters and follicular daily growth were analyzed by ANOVA with means compared by Tukey test considering significant P value < 0.05. The diameter of the largest follicle measured on day 7 (10.07, 9.64 and 10.36 mm) and on day 9 (12.73, 11.53 and 12.57 mm), to eCG, FSH and Control respectively, did not differ within treatments (P > 0.05). Final follicular growth was greater (P < 0.05) on eCG group (1.33 mm/day) compared to Control (1.1 mm/day) and FSH (0.94 mm/day). The pregnancy rates of FTAI were 56.6% (60/106), 52% (51/98) and 50.4% (52/103) to eCG, FSH and Control, respectively, with no statistic difference (P > 0.05).Discussion: Suckled beef cows managed under grazing systems frequently have reduced follicular development and longer postpartum anestrous. In this situation, protocols to FTAI combining progesterone, estradiol and eCG or FSH at the time of progesterone device removal are encouraged to improve final follicular growth, ovulation and to increase conception rate. The hypotesis of similar follicular growth and pregnancy rate in suckled beef cows treated with eCG or FSH was not confirmed in the field trial. eCG treated cows had greater follicular growth, follicular diameter at day 9 and higher pregnancy rate compared to FSH and Control cows. FSH produced similar follicular growth rates to Controls and both were significantly smaller than observed in cows receiving eCG. Also FSH supplementation failed to enhance pregnancy rate compared to Control cows. The longer half-life of eCG and its greater LH-like effects could explain the difference in final follicular stimulation when compared to FSH in FTAI protocols. Thus, administration of a single dose of FSH at progesterone device removal failed to be an alternative to eCG in FTAI synchronization programs.

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