Methods to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake With and Without a Decrease in Fat Intake: Compliance and Effects on Body Weight in the Nutrition and Breast Health Study

Background: Increased intake of fruits and vegetables (F/V) may protect against adiposity, but effects on weight have been inconsistent. Our objective was to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and weight, using direct and indirect measures of dietary intake: self-reported 24-hour recall and serum carotenoid levels. Methods: Participants from the PREMIER lifestyle intervention trial were included in this analysis (n=554). Dietary measures included 24-hour dietary recalls and serum carotenoid levels, from a fasting blood sample. The outcome was weight in pounds. Nested linear mixed models were used to examine the association between F/V and weight. Results: Mean F/V increased from 4.6 (SD 2.4) to 5.6 (SD 3.2) (p=<.01), mean serum carotenoids increased from 53.2 (SD 31.9) to 68.1 (SD 42.5) (p=<.01). At 18 months, participants in the lowest quintile of fruit and vegetable change reported an average intake of 4.42.8 servings of fruits and vegetables, and those in the highest quintile of change reported an average intake of 7.73.2 servings. In a multivariate model adjusting for age, race, gender, intervention, energy, study site, and time, lower body weight was associated with higher F/V intake measured by dietary recall (−0.63 lbs, 95% CI −0.83 to −0.42, per 1 serving increase in F/V) and serum carotenoids (−0.13 lbs, 95% CI −0.15 to −0.11, per 1 ug/dl increase in carotenoids). Results were somewhat attenuated but consistent after additional adjustments for working heart rate, exercise, calories from sugar-sweetened beverages, marital and employment status, and alcohol use . Conclusions: Greater fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with decreased body weight. Results were consistent for both objective and self-reported measures of fruit and vegetable intake.

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Improving fruit and vegetable intake attenuates the genetic association with long-term weight gain

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 759-768 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tiange Wang ◽

Yoriko Heianza ◽

Dianjianyi Sun ◽

Yan Zheng ◽

Tao Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Genetic Susceptibility ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Genetic Risk Score ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable

ABSTRACT Background Whether changes in fruit and vegetable intake can modify the effect of genetic susceptibility to obesity on long-term changes in BMI and body weight are uncertain. Objective We analyzed the interactions of changes in total and specific fruit and vegetable intake with genetic susceptibility to obesity in relation to changes in BMI and body weight. Methods We calculated a genetic risk score on the basis of 77 BMI-associated loci to determine the genetic susceptibility to obesity, and examined the interactions of changes in total and specific fruit and vegetable intake with the genetic risk score on changes in BMI and body weight within five 4-y intervals over 20 y of follow-up in 8943 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and 5308 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). Results In the combined cohorts, repeated 4-y BMI change per 10-risk allele increment was 0.09 kg/m2 among participants with the greatest decrease in total fruit and vegetable intake and −0.02 among those with the greatest increase in intake (P-interaction <0.001; corresponding weight change: 0.20 kg compared with −0.06 kg). The magnitude of decrease in BMI associated with increasing fruit and vegetable intake was more prominent among participants with high genetic risk than those with low risk. Reproducible interactions were observed for fruits and vegetables separately (both P-interaction <0.001). Based on similar nutritional content, the interaction effect was greatest for berries, citrus fruits, and green leafy vegetables, and the interaction pattern persisted regardless of the different fiber content or glycemic load of fruits and vegetables. Conclusions Genetically associated increased BMI and body weight could be mitigated by increasing fruit and vegetable intake, and the beneficial effect of improving fruit and vegetable intake on weight management was more pronounced in individuals with greater genetic susceptibility to obesity.

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Social and cognitive predictors of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents: The context of changes in body weight

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105312437434 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 667-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Wanda Komorowska Szczepanska ◽

Urte Scholz ◽

Natalia Liszewska ◽

Aleksandra Luszczynska

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Cognitive Predictors

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Abstract 5325A: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of breast cancer: Pooled analysis of the Nurses’ Health Study and the Nurses’ Health Study II

10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5325a ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Maryam S. Farvid ◽

Walter C. Willett ◽

A. Heather Eliassen

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Health Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable

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Religiosity and Spirituality and the Intake of Fruit, Vegetable, and Fat: A Systematic Review

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/146214 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Min-Min Tan ◽

Carina K. Y. Chan ◽

Daniel D. Reidpath

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Intake ◽

Positive Association ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Future Research ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Religion And Spirituality ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Positive Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Religiosity And Spirituality

Objectives. To systematically review articles investigating the relationship between religion and spirituality (R/S) and fruit, vegetable, and fat intake.Methods. PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo were searched for studies published in English prior to March 2013. The studies were divided into two categories: denominational studies and degree of R/S studies. The degree of R/S studies was further analyzed to (1) determine the categories of R/S measures and their relationship with fruit, vegetable, and fat intake, (2) evaluate the quality of the R/S measures and the research design, and (3) determine the categories of reported relationship.Results. Thirty-nine studies were identified. There were 14 denominational studies and 21 degree of R/S studies, and 4 studies were a combination of both. Only 20% of the studies reported validity and 52% reported reliability of the R/S measures used. All studies were cross-sectional, and only one attempted mediation analysis. Most studies showed a positive association with fruit and vegetable intake and a mixed association with fat intake.Conclusion. The positive association between R/S and fruit and vegetable intake may be one possible link between R/S and positive health outcome. However, the association with fat intake was mixed, and recommendations for future research are made.

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Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: Results From the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS)

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.06.021 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 664-665

Author(s):

E. Vogtmann ◽

H.L. Li ◽

Y.B. Xiang ◽

G. Yang ◽

W. Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Men’S Health ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Health Study ◽

Men's Health ◽

Fruit And Vegetable

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Dietary fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: results from two large human cohort studies

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-020-01842-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zengliang Jiang ◽

Ting-yu Sun ◽

Yan He ◽

Wanglong Gou ◽

Luo-shi-yuan Zuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Sebacic Acid ◽

Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽

Health Study ◽

Fruit Intake ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Independent Cohort

Abstract Background Little is known about the inter-relationship among fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota and metabolites, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in human prospective cohort study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prospective association of fruit and vegetable intake with human gut microbiota and to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable-related gut microbiota and their related metabolites with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Methods This study included 1879 middle-age elderly Chinese adults from Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). Baseline dietary information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (2008–2013). Fecal samples were collected at follow-up (2015–2019) and analyzed for 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted fecal metabolomics. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin. We used multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models to investigate the prospective associations of fruit and vegetable intake with gut microbiota and the association of the identified gut microbiota (fruit/vegetable-microbiota index) and their related fecal metabolites with T2D risk, respectively. Replications were performed in an independent cohort involving 6626 participants. Results In the GNHS, dietary fruit intake, but not vegetable, was prospectively associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition. The fruit-microbiota index (FMI, created from 31 identified microbial features) was positively associated with fruit intake (p < 0.001) and inversely associated with T2D risk (odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95%CI 0.71–0.97). The FMI-fruit association (p = 0.003) and the FMI-T2D association (OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.84–0.97) were both successfully replicated in the independent cohort. The FMI-positive associated metabolite sebacic acid was inversely associated with T2D risk (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.51–0.86). The FMI-negative associated metabolites cholic acid (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.13–1.62), 3-dehydrocholic acid (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.09–1.54), oleylcarnitine (OR 1.77, 95%CI 1.45–2.20), linoleylcarnitine (OR 1.66, 95%CI 1.37–2.05), palmitoylcarnitine (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.33–2.02), and 2-hydroglutaric acid (OR 1.47, 95%CI 1.25–1.72) were positively associated with T2D risk. Conclusions Higher fruit intake-associated gut microbiota and metabolic alteration were associated with a lower risk of T2D, supporting the public dietary recommendation of adopting high fruit intake for the T2D prevention.

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