Psychophysiological Assessment of Prejudice: Past Research, Current Status, and Future Directions

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sergio Guglielmi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Related Area ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures ◽  
Psychophysiological Assessment ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives

Many early studies of prejudice adopted psychophysiological measures as a way to circumvent the limitations of self-report instruments. Despite serious methodological weaknesses, that literature consistently points to the value of physiological probes as nonreactive indexes of affective responses to target stimuli. Possible reasons for the virtual abandonment of psychophysiological approaches in the study of prejudice over the last 15 years are outlined, and their reintroduction is advocated on methodological and conceptual grounds. Theoretical perspectives and empirical research in a closely related area, the psychophysiology of emotion, are reviewed and the implications of this literature for the study of prejudice are discussed. Several psychophysiological approaches have been found valuable for assessing the valence and intensity of emotional responses. The availability of these tools, together with the shifting theoretical zeitgeist, make prejudice research ready for a return to psychophysiological methodologies. A multimethod prejudice assessment model is proposed and its theoretical and heuristic advantages are discussed.

scholarly journals Current Progress and Future Directions for Theory and Research on Savoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred B. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Positive Stimuli

As research on savoring has increased dramatically since publication of the book Savoring: A New Model of Positive Experience (Bryant and Veroff, 2007), savoring has gradually become a core concept in positive psychology. I begin by reviewing the evolution of this concept, the development of instruments for assessing savoring ability and savoring strategies, and the wide range of applications of savoring in the psychosocial and health sciences. I then consider important directions for future theory and research. To advance our understanding of how naturalistic savoring unfolds over time, future work should integrate the perceptual judgments involved in not only the later stages of attending to and regulating positive experience (where past research has concentrated), but also the initial stages of searching for and noticing positive stimuli. Whereas most research has investigated reactive savoring, which occurs spontaneously in response to positive events or feelings, future work is also needed on proactive savoring, which begins with the deliberate act of seeking out or creating positive stimuli. To advance the measurement of savoring-related constructs, I recommend future work move beyond retrospective self-report methods toward the assessment of savoring as it occurs in real-time. The development of new methods of measuring meta-awareness and the regulation of attentional focus are crucial to advancing our understanding of savoring processes. I review recent research on the neurobiological correlates of savoring and suggest future directions in which to expand such work. I highlight the need for research aimed at unraveling the developmental processes through which savoring skills and deficits evolve and the role that savoring impairments play in the etiology and maintenance of psychopathology. Research is also needed to learn more about what enhances savoring, and to disentangle how people regulate the intensity versus duration of positive emotions. Finally, I encourage future researchers to integrate the study of anticipation, savoring the moment, and reminiscence within individuals across time.

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel J. Dugas ◽  
Naomi Koerner
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Future Directions

In this article, we present a cognitive-behavioral model and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In the first section, we review a model of GAD that includes four main components: intolerance of uncertainty, positive beliefs about worry, negative problem orientation, and cognitive avoidance. Next we present the GAD assessment tools used at our clinic, which include standardized interviews and self-report questionnaires of GAD symptoms and underlying cognitive-behavioral processes. We then provide a step-by-step description of a treatment that is based on the aforementioned model of GAD, and that has six core components: presentation of treatment rationale (learning to cope with uncertainty); worry awareness training; reevaluation of the usefulness of worrying; problem-solving training; cognitive exposure; and relapse prevention. Following the treatment description, we summarize the efficacy data from our completed randomized clinical trials, and present some preliminary findings from our ongoing trial comparing our treatment to applied relaxation and wait-list control. In the final section, we present an in-depth discussion of future directions for the study and treatment of GAD, with a focus on the approach-avoidance nature of GAD. Given the movement in the field favoring the expansion of cognitive-behavioral treatments, we also comment on the possible implications of the newest integrative therapies for our existing treatment.

A Comparative Analysis of Self-Report and Psychophysiological Measures of Emotion in the Context of Tourism Advertising

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1078-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshi Li ◽  
Gabby Walters ◽  
Jan Packer ◽  
Noel Scott
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures ◽  
Tourism Advertising ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the influence of emotional responses evoked by destination television advertisements on three common variables of interest when assessing tourism advertising effectiveness: attitude toward the advertisement, postexposure destination attitude and visit intention. In particular, this study used a combination of self-report and psychophysiological measures of emotion and explored the consistency between these two measurement techniques. A total of 101 participants were exposed to 18 existing destination commercials while their real-time psychophysiological responses and self-report data were collected. The results show that the influence of ad-evoked emotions on tourism advertising effectiveness varied according to the way emotion was measured. The effects of pleasure on tourism advertising effectiveness were much weaker when pleasure was measured physiologically than when self-report measures were used. Physiological arousal, however, was not found to be a significant indicator of advertising effectiveness. The results highlight the importance of valid and reliable measurement of emotion and raise concern over the possible overestimation of the relationship between self-reported emotional responses and advertising effectiveness.

Comparable Modulation of the Late Positive Potential by Emotion Regulation in Younger and Older Adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. E. Langeslag ◽  
Jan W. Van Strien
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Late Positive Potential ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Apparent Discrepancy ◽  
Positive Potential ◽  
Psychophysiological Responses ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures ◽  
Emotional Pictures

It has been suggested that emotion regulation improves with aging. Here, we investigated age differences in emotion regulation by studying modulation of the late positive potential (LPP) by emotion regulation instructions. The electroencephalogram of younger (18–26 years) and older (60–77 years) adults was recorded while they viewed neutral, unpleasant, and pleasant pictures and while they were instructed to increase or decrease the feelings that the emotional pictures elicited. The LPP was enhanced when participants were instructed to increase their emotions. No age differences were observed in this emotion regulation effect, suggesting that emotion regulation abilities are unaffected by aging. This contradicts studies that measured emotion regulation by self-report, yet accords with studies that measured emotion regulation by means of facial expressions or psychophysiological responses. More research is needed to resolve the apparent discrepancy between subjective self-report and objective psychophysiological measures.

The Effect of Searching Versus Surfing on Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Online News

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wise ◽  
Hyo Jung Kim ◽  
Jeesum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Skin Conductance Level ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Online News ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Information Need ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Rate Acceleration

A mixed-design experiment was conducted to explore differences between searching and surfing on cognitive and emotional responses to online news. Ninety-two participants read three unpleasant news stories from a website. Half of the participants acquired their stories by searching, meaning they had a previous information need in mind. The other half of the participants acquired their stories by surfing, with no previous information need in mind. Heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator activation were collected as measures of resource allocation, motivational activation, and unpleasantness, respectively, while participants read each story. Self-report valence and recognition accuracy were also measured. Stories acquired by searching elicited greater heart rate acceleration, skin conductance level, and corrugator activation during reading. These stories were rated as more unpleasant, and their details were recognized more accurately than similar stories that were acquired by surfing. Implications of these results for understanding how people process online media are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document