Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
Kathleen D. Vohs
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Sexual Economics ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Cultural Suppression

A heterosexual community can be analyzed as a marketplace in which men seek to acquire sex from women by offering other resources in exchange. Societies will therefore define gender roles as if women are sellers and men buyers of sex. Societies will endow female sexuality, but not male sexuality, with value (as in virginity, fidelity, chastity). The sexual activities of different couples are loosely interrelated by a marketplace, instead of being fully separate or private, and each couple's decisions may be influenced by market conditions. Economic principles suggest that the price of sex will depend on supply and demand, competition among sellers, variations in product, collusion among sellers, and other factors. Research findings show gender asymmetries (reflecting the complementary economic roles) in prostitution, courtship, infidelity and divorce, female competition, the sexual revolution and changing norms, unequal status between partners, cultural suppression of female sexulity, abusive relationships, rape, and sexual attitudes.

Cultural Suppression of Female Sexuality

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
Jean M. Twenge
Keyword(s):  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Sexual Deception ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Suppression ◽  
Female Genital

Four theories about cultural suppression of female sexuality are evaluated. Data are reviewed on cross-cultural differences in power and sex ratios, reactions to the sexual revolution, direct restraining influences on adolescent and adult female sexuality, double standard patterns of sexual morality, female genital surgery, legal and religious restrictions on sex, prostitution and pornography, and sexual deception. The view that men suppress female sexuality received hardly any support and is flatly contradicted by some findings. Instead, the evidence favors the view that women have worked to stifle each other's sexuality because sex is a limited resource that women use to negotiate with men, and scarcity gives women an advantage.

scholarly journals When and How Does Sustainable HRM Improve Customer Orientation of Frontline Employees? Satisfaction, Empowerment, and Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3693
Author(s):  
Youngsam Cho ◽  
Yongduk Choi
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Employees Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Empowerment ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between sustainable human resource management (HRM) practices, employee satisfaction, and customer orientation of frontline employees (FLEs) in the hotel industry from the perspective of internal marketing. Specifically, the study focused on three facets of sustainable HRM practices (i.e., training, reward, and benefit) as well as organizational empowerment and communication as FLE-supportive contexts. Although some studies have examined the relationship between HRM practices and customer orientation, they overlooked the importance of service context in facilitating FLE customer orientation. Thus, this study developed a comprehensive framework based on social exchange theory and self-determination theory. The results show that all three facets of the sustainable HRM practices were positively related to FLEs’ satisfaction. FLEs’ satisfaction was also positively related to their customer orientation. Furthermore, both organizational empowerment and communication moderated the relationship between FLEs’ satisfaction and customer orientation, which showed a positive relationship only when FLEs perceived high organizational empowerment or communication. The research findings provide beneficial theoretical and practical implications.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Impact of Information on Stock Price Volatilities in Vietnam

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 59-80
Author(s):  
Nhut Nguyen Huu Huy ◽  
Bao Nguyen Khac Quoc ◽  
Nhan Tran Nguyen Huy
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Stock Level ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Information Demand ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Data Collection Approach

Based on the panel data of 22 stock tickers in the two porfolios VN30 and HNX30 during 2008–2014, the research empirically investigates the impact of information on stock price volatilities in Vietnam. Non-traditional data collection approach and OLS and GARCH (1;1) models, along the use of data on information supply measured by the number of disclosures of the studied stocks and data on information demand measured by the number of search attempts on Google by means of Google Trend allow the research findings to be distilled into clear recommendations, which show that: (i) Both information supply and demand do affect stock price volatilities; and (ii) More profound and significant impact has been produced by information demand; particularly, effects of market-level information demand are more powerful than those of stock-level information demand.

Ambidextrous leadership, entrepreneurial orientation and job crafting

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuan Trong Luu ◽  
Khai Dinh ◽  
David Qian
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Job Crafting ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Software Companies ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Ambidextrous Leadership

Purpose The interaction between opening and closing behaviors of ambidextrous leadership produces “change” energy among employees. The purpose of this paper is to assess the role of ambidextrous leadership in fostering job crafting via entrepreneurial orientation. The paper also seeks an insight into how organizational social exchange moderates the effect of ambidextrous leadership on entrepreneurial orientation. Design/methodology/approach Research data were garnered from 427 supervisor–subordinate dyads from software companies in the Vietnamese business context. Findings Research findings corroborated the positive relationship between ambidextrous leadership and entrepreneurial orientation, which is positively associated with job crafting. Research results also provided evidence for the mediation role of entrepreneurial orientation for the positive link between ambidextrous leadership and job crafting, as well as for the moderation role of organizational social exchange for the effect of ambidextrous leadership on entrepreneurial orientation. Originality/value Research findings have extended ambidexterity theory of leadership by identifying job crafting as an outcome of ambidextrous leadership and entrepreneurial orientation as a mediator for this relationship.

Explaining regional differences in firm formation rates: how far are government policies important for entrepreneurship?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmail Demirdag ◽  
Ayda Eraydin
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Firm Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Government

Purpose The growing number of studies shows that government policies and measures are critical in determining entrepreneurship levels of regions. Any changes in the government policies and measures are, therefore, expected to bring significant changes at the entrepreneurship levels. This paper aims to explore the importance of the government policies and measures, along with supply and demand-side determinants in regional entrepreneurship in Turkey and explains the convergence of entrepreneurship among two distinct periods corresponding to changes in the government policies and measures concerning entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Looking at a study on 81 NUTS-III regions of Turkey, this paper focusses on regional determinants important in the separation of regions with different entrepreneurship trajectories (based on the initial level and the rate of increase in entrepreneurship). Using discriminant function analysis, this paper tries to show how far government policies are important in distinguishing regions with different entrepreneurship levels. Findings The outcomes of the analysis show that certain policies and measures recently introduced have become instrumental in triggering higher entrepreneurship levels in regions with already higher levels of entrepreneurship, but not in regions with initially lower levels of entrepreneurship. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing regional entrepreneurship literature through introducing the research findings on the importance of government policies and institutions on regional entrepreneurship, besides the role of regional capacities and assets.

Between Supply and Demand

2009 ◽  
pp. 171-186
Author(s):  
Tineke M. Egyedi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Market Transparency ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inherent Stability

There is a continuous pressure for improvement in e-business. Increasing technical possibilities, new forms of outsourcing, the ongoing integration of business processes, the expansion of value chains, the emergence of new markets and new players; they affect the infrastructure and underlying ICT standards. Contrary to the inherent stability one might expect from standards, maintenance of and change in standards are rule rather than exception. The benefit of standards change is sometimes obvious. However, it can also pose severe problems (e.g. heavy switching costs and reduced market transparency). This chapter synthesizes research findings on standards change. A conceptual framework is developed to determine under which circumstances standards change is avoidable; if so, in what manner; and if not, which means exist to reduce the negative impact of change. While some change drivers are innovation- related, others stem from the standardization activity itself. They require distinct coping strategies: change control and quality control, respectively. Along these two lines, the chapter discusses strategies to cope with the impact of standards change.

Evidence-based Quality Improvement in University Language Didactics

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
Daniela Unger-Ullmann
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The University ◽  
Young Researchers

Abstract This report describes the opportunities, challenges and limits of evidence-based quality improvement in university language teaching. Using treffpunkt sprachen – Centre for Language, Plurilingualism and Didactics at the University of Graz as an example, it provides a brief explanation of the centre and then presents the prioritization of content in teaching and research. In the process, it is necessary to investigate the supply and demand for courses and to use statistics as evidence. In addition, research strategies to promote young researchers are presented whose realization documents the development of the language centre into a centre of research on university didactics. Next, an analysis is made of effective quality assurance measures that are able to be determined in the purposeful application of research findings. Finally, opportunities and potentials in teaching and research are scrutinized and their positive implications for the centre are explained.

Female Sexuality as Capacity and Power? Reconceptualizing Sexualities in Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Arnfred
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject

Abstract:The article argues for an approach to studies of sexuality in Africa that considers the subject of female sexuality from the perspective of capacity and power. Based on data from Mozambique, and informed by conceptual frameworks as well as by research findings from other African countries, the article investigates preparations of the erotic female body such as body tattoos, hip belts of glass beads, and elongated labia. It also discusses how “traditional” sexual capacity-building has been transferred from rural contexts into urban settings, empowering young women in love relationships with older, richer men.

'Hook - up' in the sexual culture of Polish and Ukrainian students - a communique of research

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Urszula Kempińska ◽  
Mykola Rudenko
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Oral Sex ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Wide Range

'Hook -ups'- emotionally uninvolved sexual encounters are becoming more and more rooted in popular culture, reflecting the changing social and sexual attitudes. Hook-up behavior may include a wide range of sexual activities such as kisses, oral sex and penetration. Hook-up raises the anxiety of many researchers due to many negative consequences, such as sexual violence, sexually transmitted diseases, emotional disorders and / or unplanned pregnancy. The aim of the study was to answer the question: how often do Polish and Ukrainian students take sexual relations with strangers?

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