scholarly journals Delivery Considerations of Highly Viscous Polymeric Fluids Mimicking Concentrated Biopharmaceuticals: Assessment of Injectability via Measurement of Total Work Done “WT”

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1520-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangnan Zhang ◽  
Mona A. Fassihi ◽  
Reza Fassihi
Keyword(s):  
Total Work ◽  
Polymeric Fluids ◽  
Work Done

Free Jejunal Graft: Effects of Longitudinal Myotomy

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce H. Haughey ◽  
James W. Forsen
Keyword(s):  
Graft Function ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Jejunal Graft ◽  
Contraction Amplitude ◽  
Free Jejunal Graft ◽  
Pharyngoesophageal Reconstruction ◽  
Complete Wound Healing ◽  
Time Of Operation ◽  
Work Done

Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using the free vascularized jejunal graft results in dysphagia in approximately 20% to 40% of patients. This may be caused by graft contractility, and we therefore developed this canine model to assess the functional effects of myotomy on transplanted jejunum. Nine female dogs underwent microvascular transposition of jejunum to the neck, the bowel being placed subcutaneously with two end jejunostomies. Baseline functional manometry was performed. Five animals then underwent complete longitudinal myotomy and four animals underwent a sham procedure. Graft function was then reevaluated after complete wound healing. Contraction frequency, contraction amplitude, and total work done by the graft were recorded; all grafts demonstrated activity and were more active postrecovery than at the time of operation. Although myotomy animals showed a within-group trend to decreased contractility postintervention, this was not statistically significant. Furthermore, there was no significant postintervention difference between the sham and myotomy groups. We conclude that our model is effective for the study of activity in the free jejunal graft and that longitudinal myotomy does not significantly reduce, let alone ablate contraction.

Is the Magnitude of Post-Exercise Hypotension Mediated by Exercise Intensity or Total Work Done?

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S197
Author(s):  
Helen Jones ◽  
Keith George ◽  
Ben Edwards ◽  
Greg Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Post Exercise Hypotension

scholarly journals Sodium Bicarbonate and High-Intensity-Cycling Capacity: Variability in Responses

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Saunders ◽  
Craig Sale ◽  
Roger C. Harris ◽  
Caroline Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Improve Exercise Capacity ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose:To determine whether gastrointestinal (GI) distress affects the ergogenicity of sodium bicarbonate and whether the degree of alkalemia or other metabolic responses is different between individuals who improve exercise capacity and those who do not.Methods:Twenty-one men completed 2 cycling-capacity tests at 110% of maximum power output. Participants were supplemented with 0.3 g/kg body mass of either placebo (maltodextrin) or sodium bicarbonate (SB). Blood pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate were determined at baseline, preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 5 min postexercise.Results:SB supplementation did not significantly increase total work done (TWD; P = .16, 46.8 · 9.1 vs 45.6 · 8.4 kJ, d = 0.14), although magnitude-based inferences suggested a 63% likelihood of a positive effect. When data were analyzed without 4 participants who experienced GI discomfort, TWD (P = .01) was significantly improved with SB. Immediately postexercise blood lactate was higher in SB for the individuals who improved but not for those who did not. There were also differences in the preexercise-to-postexercise change in blood pH, bicarbonate, and base excess between individuals who improved and those who did not.Conclusions:SB improved high-intensity-cycling capacity but only with the exclusion of participants experiencing GI discomfort. Differences in blood responses suggest that SB may not be beneficial to all individuals. Magnitude-based inferences suggested that the exercise effects are unlikely to be negative; therefore, individuals should determine whether they respond well to SB supplementation before competition.

scholarly journals IX. On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.—No. VIII. The law of fatigue

1877 ◽  
Vol 25 (171-178) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Keyword(s):  
Total Work ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Fixed Weight ◽  
The Law ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Made In

In my last paper (No. VII.) I illustrated the Law of Fatigue by experiments made in lifting weights varying in amount, without rest, at a fixed rate of motion; I shall now illustrate the Law by experiments made in lifting a fixed weight at varying rates of motion, without rest, as before. Law of Fatigue. “ When the same muscle (or group of muscle) is kept in constant action until fatigue sets in, the total work done multiplied by the rate of work is constant. ”

The Pedaling Technique of Elite Endurance Cyclists: Changes with Increasing Workload at Constant Cadence

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Kautz ◽  
Michael E. Feltner ◽  
Edward F. Coyle ◽  
Ann M. Baylor
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Component ◽  
Horizontal Component ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Work ◽  
External Work ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Positive Work

A pedal dynamometer recorded changes in pedaling technique (normal and tangential components of the applied force, crank orientation, and pedal orientation) of 14 elite male 40-km time trialists who rode at constant cadence as the workload increased from similar to an easy training ride to similar to a 40-km competition. There were two techniques for adapting to increased workload. Seven subjects showed no changes in pedal orientation, and predominantly increased the vertical component of the applied force during the downstroke as the workload increased. In addition to increasing the vertical component during the downstroke, the other subjects also increased the toe up rotation of the pedal throughout the downstroke and increased the horizontal component between 0° and 90°. A second finding was that negative torque about the bottom bracket during the upstroke usually became positive (propulsive) torque at the high workload. However, while torque during the upstroke did reduce the total positive work required during the downstroke, it did not contribute significantly to the external work done because 98.6% and 96.3 % of the total work done at the low and high workloads, respectively, was done during the downstroke.

Employees Working Hours and Their Productivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. O. S. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
The World ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Given

In India, a salaried person works 40 hours per week under the generally accepted norm of Nine to Five job schedule. In comparison, Indians log longer hours than the most others. Average weekly hours worked on the job as shown in the Pictorial (2014) indicate that Turkey topped the list at 49.1 hours followed by Mexico at 44.7 hours, South Korea at 43.3 hours, and Israel at 40.4 hours. At the other end of the spectrum, developed countries like Netherlands, Denmark and Norway reported the lowest hours at 28.9, 32.5 and 33.9 hours per week respectively. The question is whether long working hours means more progress, more productivity, and more development. The answer is "NO", not at all. ILO Report-2007 "Working Time around the world" reveals that lesser percentage of workforce in developed economics put in long hours of work as compared to developing countries. For example, in Norway, only 5.3 per cent of total work force work more that the normal 48 hours per week whereas in Peru and Korea about 50 per cent people work more than 48 hours per week. In USA, it is 18.1 percent work force more than 48 hours as against India where 40 per cent of total work force works more than 48 hours per week. This only indicates that it is not the longer hours of work that matters but it is the Decent work done in the given time framework.

On the energetics of dislocation emission from a crack tip in nickel containing hydrogen

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1805-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Slip Plane ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Dislocation Emission ◽  
Atom Pairs ◽  
Lattice Resistance ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Work Done

A method that determines the work done in shearing atom pairs straddling the slip plane, Φ, during emission of dislocations from a crack tip in an atomic model is presented. The model is based on an EAM-type potential for nickel. The dislocations are emitted as partials, and the disregistry, Δ, across the slip plane is found to be fit accurately by a simple arctan function of position for each partial. The width of the partials is also found to remain essentially constant as they are emitted and move away from the crack tip. Rice's unstable stacking energy is extracted from the Φ - Δ curves for the atom pairs along the slip plane and is observed to vary somewhat, particularly near the crack tip. In addition to the Φ (Δ) at points on the slip plane, the total work done on the entire slip plane is determined as a function of the dislocation position in the spirit of the Peierls approach. The derivative of this total work with respect to dislocation position leads to the lattice resistance, ŝr. The first partial dislocation to be emitted experiences a maximum in ŝr at about 0.2 nm from the crack tip, and several contributions to the overall resistance can be identified including the creation of a new surface at the tip as emission occurs, the creation of stacking fault as the dislocation glides away from the tip, and a small but discernible periodic component with a period related to the lattice. A string of hydrogen interstitials is introduced at various locations in the lattice and its effect on Δ, Φ - Δ curves along the slip plane, and the lattice resistance is examined. A substantial effect on the unstable stacking energy results as the dislocation passes an interstitial on the slip plane, but the effect of an interstitial on the resistance to dislocation emission expressed in terms of the maximum ŝr is small and then only if it is confined to a region very near the crack tip. The significance of these results is discussed together with some additional observations including dislocation pinning on the interstitials.

A Kelvin Theorem and Partial Work of Impulsive Forces

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Simple Rule ◽  
Algebraic Solution ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Impulsive Forces ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Work Done

A rigid body under the action of several impulsive forces is considered. A Kelvin theorem provides a simple rule to calculate the total work done by all impulsive forces, but it is not necessarily applicable to the independent work done by each impulse. It is shown that there exist two cases when the partial work can be determined by the same Kelvin formula. Otherwise, the problem has no algebraic solution.

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