Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues (TIP39): A New Player in the Translation of Sensory Input to Prolactin Release during Lactation

Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) and the PTH-2 receptor (PTH2R) constitute a peptide-receptor neuromodulator system. Based on the abundance of TIP39 fibers and axonal terminals as well as PTH2R-containing neurons and their processes in the hypothalamic para- and periventricular and arcuate nuclei TIP39 has been suggested to play a role in neuroendocrine regulation. We showed previously that TIP39 expression decreased dramatically by adulthood. In the present study, using in situ hybridization histochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we found that TIP39 mRNA and peptide expression levels are markedly elevated in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL) of lactating dams, one of the three locations of TIP39-containing cell bodies in the brain. In addition, in mother rats, these TIP39 neurons showed Fos expression in response to pup exposure. Transection of TIP39 fibers originating in the PIL resulted in an ipsilateral disappearance of TIP39 immunoreactivity throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus of mother rats, suggesting that TIP39 fibers there arise from the PIL. To elucidate the function of TIP39 activation in dams, mothers separated from their pups for 4 h on postpartum d 9 received injection of a PTH2R antagonist into the lateral ventricle 5 min before returning the pups. Blood samples were taken seven times during the experimental period through jugular cannulae. The PTH2R antagonist administered in two different concentrations markedly inhibited suckling-induced elevation of plasma prolactin levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TIP39 neurons in the PIL may regulate suckling-induced prolactin release in rat dams.

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Effect of [Asu,]eel calcitonin on prolactin release in normal subjects and patients with prolactinoma

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1080297 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 297-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hidesuke Kaji ◽

Kazuo Chihara ◽

Naoto Minamitani ◽

Hitoshi Kodama ◽

Tetsuya Kita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Bolus Injection ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Regular Insulin ◽

Prolactin Release ◽

Saline Administration ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Plasma Prl ◽

Male Subjects

Abstract. The effect of [Asu]eel calcitonin (ECT), an equipotent analogue of eel CT, on prolactin (Prl) secretion was examined in 12 healthy male subjects and in 6 patients with prolactinoma. In healthy subjects, ECT (0.5 μg/kg body weight · h) or saline was infused for 2 h and TRH was injected iv as a bolus of 500 μg at 1 h of ECT or saline administration. ECT did not affect basal Prl levels during 1 h of infusion. TRH caused a significant increase of plasma Prl with peak values of 75.2 ± 11.6 ng/ml in ECT-infused subjects, which did not differ from those infused with saline (68.5 ± 8.3 ng/ml). Next, an iv bolus injection of regular insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) was followed by an infusion of ECT or saline alone. Plasma Prl peaks after hypoglycaemic stress were significantly lower in ECT-infused subjects than those in saline-injected controls (ECT, 16.5 ± 3.1 vs 33.5 ± 9.6 ng/ml, P < 0.05). In patients with prolactinoma, basal levels of plasma Prl ranging from 42.0–4130 ng/ml failed to change during iv infusion of ECT. Moreover, ECT (10−9–10−6m) did not affect Prl release from prolactinoma tissues perifused in vitro. These findings suggest that ECT may not act directly on the pituitary to modify Prl release. Rather, peripherally administered ECT appears to suppress Prl release via the central nervous system.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Embryonic assembly of a central pattern generator without sensory input.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1011540.181069 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Ole Kiehn

Keyword(s):

Central Pattern Generator ◽

Sensory Input ◽

Pattern Generator

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Activity, Agency, and Inner Speech Pathology

10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Lauren Swiney

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Sensory Input ◽

The Other ◽

Predictive Processing ◽

Inner Speech ◽

Speech Pathology ◽

Active Inference ◽

Comparator Hypothesis

Over the last thirty years the comparator hypothesis has emerged as a prominent account of inner speech pathology. This chapter discusses a number of cognitive accounts broadly derived from this approach, highlighting the existence of two importantly distinct notions of inner speech in the literature; one as a prediction in the absence of sensory input, the other as an act with sensory consequences that are themselves predicted. Under earlier frameworks in which inner speech is described in the context of classic models of motor control, I argue that these two notions may be compatible, providing two routes to inner speech pathology. Under more recent accounts grounded in the architecture of Bayesian predictive processing, I argue that “active inference” approaches to action generation pose serious challenges to the plausibility of the latter notion of inner speech, while providing the former notion with rich explanatory possibilities for inner speech pathology.

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The mamillothalamic pathways: my first encounter with the thalamus

10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ray Guillery

Keyword(s):

Sensory Input ◽

Great Success ◽

Cortical Lesions ◽

Head Direction ◽

Thalamic Nuclei ◽

Sensory Pathways ◽

Cortical Areas ◽

Thalamic Relay ◽

The Many

My thesis studies had stimulated an interest in the mamillothalamic pathways but also some puzzlement because we knew nothing about the nature of the messages passing along these pathways. Several laboratories were studying the thalamic relay of sensory pathways with great success during my post-doctoral years. Each sensory relay could be understood in terms of the appropriate sensory input, but we had no way of knowing the meaning of the mamillothalamic messages. I introduce these nuclei as an example of the many thalamic nuclei about whose input functions we still know little or nothing. Early clinical studies of mamillary lesions had suggested a role in memory formation, whereas evidence from cortical lesions suggested a role in emotional experiences. Studies of the smallest of the three nuclei forming these pathways then showed it to be concerned with sensing head direction, relevant but not sufficient for defining an animal’s position in space. More recent studies based on studies of cortical activity or cortical damage have provided a plethora of suggestions: as so often, the answers reported depend on the questions asked. That simple conclusion is relevant for all transthalamic pathways. The evidence introduced in Chapter 1, that thalamocortical messages have dual meanings, suggests that we need to rethink our questions. It may prove useful to look at the motor outputs of relevant cortical areas to get clues about some appropriate questions.

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Presence, Environment, and Sound and the Role of Imagination

The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Imagination, Volume 1 ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190460167.013.33 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 667-681

Author(s):

Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard

Keyword(s):

Computer Games ◽

Virtual World ◽

Actual World ◽

Sensory Input ◽

The World ◽

Visual Dimension ◽

The Creation ◽

First Person Shooter ◽

Selection Of

Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard addresses the role of sound in the creation of presence in virtual and actual worlds. He argues that imagination is a central part of the generation and selection of perceptual hypotheses—models of the world in which we can act—that emerge from what Grimshaw-Aagaard calls the “exo-environment” (the sensory input) and the “endo-environment” (the cognitive input). Grimshaw-Aagaard further divides the exo-environment into a primarily auditory and a primarily visual dimension and he deals with the actual world of his own apartment and the virtual world of first-person-shooter computer games in order to exemplify how we perceptually construct an environment that allows for the creation of presence.

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Stimulus Generalization Using Nonvisual Stimuli with a Student Who Has Autism Spectrum Disorder and Visual Impairment

Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness ◽

10.1177/0145482x21999503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 121-133

Author(s):

Robin Arnall ◽

Yors Garcia ◽

Annette K. Griffith ◽

Jack Spear

Keyword(s):

Visual Impairment ◽

Private School ◽

Sensory Input ◽

Language Skills ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Multiple Baseline ◽

Stimulus Generalization ◽

Baseline Design ◽

Tactile Stimuli ◽

Low Levels

Introduction: The main objective of this study was to determine whether stimulus symmetry, or untaught generalized relations among stimuli, could be demonstrated using audio and tactile stimuli (i.e., nonvisual). Methods: A modified alternating treatment within a concurrent multiple baseline design across nonvisual stimulus sets (i.e., tactile and audio) was implemented with Zach, an 11-year-old male diagnosed with autism and visual impairment, to teach two relations (sound–touch and sound–label) among stimuli. Following training, the researcher tested whether Zach could identify stimuli through an untaught relation (touch–label). The study presented here required a week to complete and was conducted at a private school for individuals with behavioral concerns. Results: During baseline, Zach demonstrated low levels of correct responses (average of 7% across all relations) for all skills. In the training phase (for only two of the three targeted skills, sound–touch and sound–label relations), Zach demonstrated proficiency for most stimuli used in the sets (average of 61% across relations). Finally, in the testing phase (the untaught touch–label relation), Zach demonstrated high levels of generalized acquisition (89%). Discussion: Results indicated that the procedure used in this study could be generalized to novel populations, including those with visual impairments, and that different forms of sensory input could be used, including auditory and tactile-based teaching. Implications for practitioners: Individuals working with learners with differing levels of visual impairment could utilize the demonstrated procedure to associate types of stimuli, using methods other than visual input. The procedure outlined would benefit a population that may require assistance with developing language skills but who also may have difficulties using common visual stimuli.

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