scholarly journals From molecule to behavior: hypocretin/orexin revisited from a sex-dependent perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bing Gao ◽  
Tamas L Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Critical Node ◽  
Learned Behaviors ◽  
Neuronal Systems ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract The hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/Orx) system in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus has been recognized as a critical node in a complex network of neuronal systems controlling both physiology and behavior in vertebrates. Our understanding of the Hcrt/Orx system and its array of functions and actions have grown exponentially in merely two decades. This review will examine the latest progress in discerning the roles played by the Hcrt/Orx system in the regulation of homeostatic functions and in the execution of instinctive and learned behaviors. Furthermore, the gaps that currently exist in our knowledge of sex-related differences in this field of study are discussed.

scholarly journals Models of heterogeneous dopamine signaling in an insect learning and memory center

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnie Jiang ◽  
Ashok Litwin-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Insect Learning ◽  
External Reinforcement ◽  
Learned Behaviors ◽  
Architectural Constraints ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Task Parameters

AbstractThe Drosophila mushroom body exhibits dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity that underlies the acquisition of associative memories. Recordings of dopamine neurons in this system have identified signals related to external reinforcement such as reward and punishment. However, other factors including locomotion, novelty, reward expectation, and internal state have also recently been shown to modulate dopamine neurons. This heterogeneity is at odds with typical modeling approaches in which these neurons are assumed to encode a global, scalar error signal. How is dopamine dependent plasticity coordinated in the presence of such heterogeneity? We develop a modeling approach that infers a pattern of dopamine activity sufficient to solve defined behavioral tasks, given architectural constraints informed by knowledge of mushroom body circuitry. Model dopamine neurons exhibit diverse tuning to task parameters while nonetheless producing coherent learned behaviors. Our results provide a mechanistic framework that accounts for the heterogeneity of dopamine activity during learning and behavior.

Cognitive Neuroscience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Timothy Walsh ◽  
Evelyn Attia ◽  
Deborah R. Glasofer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Cognitive neuroscience is the name of a field of study with the aim of understanding the biological processes that underlie thinking and behavior, with a specific focus on the connections in the brain involved in mental processes. The tools of cognitive neuroscience include...

Complex Network Dynamics in Population Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
James Moody ◽  
Dana K. Pasquale
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Health And Well Being

People constantly interact with each other and their environment, and these interactions—with whom and with what they interact—are not random. Interactions at multiple levels (cellular, neurological, social, physical, environmental) shape one’s experiences and affect health and well-being. These interactions can be represented as a set of networks that feedback and influence other networks. Here we limit our scope to the complex relationship between human social networks and behavior, which frequently forms a feedback loop, and the effect of this relationship on population health outcomes. This chapter introduces traditional network analysis as it pertains to population health, explores examples of interactions between macro-level networks, and proposes future directions for network analysis

Critical node identification for complex network based on a novel minimum connected dominating set

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 5621-5629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahong Yu ◽  
Xiaoyun Xia ◽  
Wenping Li ◽  
Jiang Tao ◽  
Longhua Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Dominating Set ◽  
Connected Dominating Set ◽  
Critical Node ◽  
Minimum Connected Dominating Set ◽  
Critical Node Identification

Etude tectonique de la region sud de la Nerthe

1966 ◽  
Vol S7-VIII (5) ◽  
pp. 712-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Froget ◽  
Gerard Guieu ◽  
Max Robert Roux
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Major Fault ◽  
Tectonic Study ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Sketch Map

Abstract Stratigraphic and tectonic study of the southern Nerthe [Mediterranean coast of France] is based on a sketch map at 1:5,000. The most prominent feature of the region is the presence of the middle and upper Cretaceous, which most commonly forms depressions (B) arranged in synclines or eroded and buried anticlines: to the north under the inverted edge of an anticline (A); to the south, under the front of an overthrust (C). The structure and behavior of units (A), (B), and (C) are defined. Units (A) and (C) had a tendency to be displaced in opposite directions, after sinking of the medial unit (B), becoming somewhat mutually overlapped (the Grand-Vallat). The major fault placing these units in contact is transformed toward the Graffian [highlands] into a complex network of fractures gradually connecting with the Triassic axis of the Rove. Relations with adjacent tectonic units are considered (Etoile overthrust, Marseilles basin). A chronology of the different movements is proposed, from the upper Cretaceous to the Miocene, based on a general examination of the folded zone north of Marseilles.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF SUGGESTION IN LINGUISTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladyslava Akkurt
Keyword(s):  
Communication Theory ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
The Will ◽  
Verbal Control ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

The speech always contains more information than what it says directly. In addition to the literal sense, each statement has a communicative intention, one of the types of which is suggestion. The article considers the main points of view on the suggestion as a linguistic phenomenon, as well as the basic concepts related to this field of study. Each statement performs a communicative function, one of the types of which is suggestion. The study of the suggestive function of discourse is part of the field of study of linguistic influence, which as a science was formed due to the dynamic development of psycholinguistics, pragmatic linguistics, communication theory, rhetoric, logic, language psychology, social psychology and other scientific fields. Linguistic influence can be understood in broad and narrow sense. In this article, it is considered in the narrow sense: under the linguistic influence implies the influence on the consciousness and behavior of the individual with the help of a language characterized by specific objective goals of the speaker. To achieve verbal control of human behavior, different methods of influence are used, in which the classifications are divergent. We distinguish 3 types of linguistic influence: belief, suggestion and induction (will). Suggestion, or indirect suggestion, implies influence on subconsciousness, emotion and sense of the addressee and is characterized by unconsciousness of assimilation of the reported information. The purpose of a suggestion is to introduce an object of influence into a trance and to instill something, to induce certain actions. An intentional or suggestive language act of any illocutionary force may be if its purpose is to influence the psyche, the senses, the will and the mind of person and to decrease the degree of consciousness, analyticity and criticality in the perception of the information to be invoked.

scholarly journals Models of heterogeneous dopamine signaling in an insect learning and memory center

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. e1009205
Author(s):  
Linnie Jiang ◽  
Ashok Litwin-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Insect Learning ◽  
External Reinforcement ◽  
Learned Behaviors ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Task Parameters

The Drosophila mushroom body exhibits dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity that underlies the acquisition of associative memories. Recordings of dopamine neurons in this system have identified signals related to external reinforcement such as reward and punishment. However, other factors including locomotion, novelty, reward expectation, and internal state have also recently been shown to modulate dopamine neurons. This heterogeneity is at odds with typical modeling approaches in which these neurons are assumed to encode a global, scalar error signal. How is dopamine dependent plasticity coordinated in the presence of such heterogeneity? We develop a modeling approach that infers a pattern of dopamine activity sufficient to solve defined behavioral tasks, given architectural constraints informed by knowledge of mushroom body circuitry. Model dopamine neurons exhibit diverse tuning to task parameters while nonetheless producing coherent learned behaviors. Notably, reward prediction error emerges as a mode of population activity distributed across these neurons. Our results provide a mechanistic framework that accounts for the heterogeneity of dopamine activity during learning and behavior.

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