Profile of a mammalian sperm receptor

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Wassarman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Mammalian Fertilization ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Mammalian Eggs ◽  
Sperm Receptor

Complementary molecules on the surface of eggs and sperm are responsible for species-specific interactions between gametes during fertilization in both plants and animals. In this essay, several aspects of current research on the mouse egg receptor for sperm, a zona pellucida glycoprotein called ZP3, are addressed. These include the structure, synthesis, and functions of the sperm receptor during oogenesis and fertilization in mice. Several conclusions are drawn from available information. These include (I) ZP3 is a member of a unique class of glycoproteins found exclusively in the extracellular coat (zona pellucida) of mammalian eggs. (II) ZP3 gene expression is an example of oocyte-specific and, therefore, sex-specific gene expression during mammalian development. (III) ZP3 is a structural glycoprotein involved in assembly of the egg extracellular coat during mammalian oogenesis. (IV) ZP3 is a sperm receptor involved in carbohydrate-mediated gamete recognition and adhesion during mammalian fertilization. (V) ZP3 is an inducer of sperm exocytosis (acrosome reaction) during mammalian fertilization. (VI) ZP3 participates in the secondary block to polyspermy following fertilization in mammals. (VII) The extracellular coat of other mammalian eggs contains a glycoprotein that is functionally analogous to mouse ZP3. The unique nature, highly restricted expression, and multiple roles of ZP3 during mammalian development make this glycoprotein a particularly attractive subject for investigation at both the cellular and molecular levels.

scholarly journals Autoradiographic visualization of the mouse egg's sperm receptor bound to sperm.

1986 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Bleil ◽  
P M Wassarman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Fusion Event ◽  
Acrosomal Membrane ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Mammalian Eggs ◽  
Silver Grains ◽  
Sperm Receptor

The extracellular coat, or zona pellucida, of mammalian eggs contains species-specific receptors to which sperm bind as a prelude to fertilization. In mice, ZP3, one of only three zona pellucida glycoproteins, serves as sperm receptor. Acrosome-intact, but not acrosome-reacted, mouse sperm recognize and interact with specific O-linked oligosaccharides of ZP3 resulting in sperm-egg binding. Binding, in turn, causes sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction; a membrane fusion event that results in loss of plasma membrane at the anterior region of the head and exposure of inner acrosomal membrane with its associated acrosomal contents. Bound, acrosome-reacted sperm are able to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg's plasma membrane (fertilization). In the present report, we examined binding of radioiodinated, purified, egg ZP3 to both acrosome intact and acrosome reacted sperm by whole-mount autoradiography. Silver grains due to bound 125I-ZP3 were found localized to the acrosomal cap region of heads of acrosome-reacted sperm. Under the same conditions, 125I-fetuin bound at only bacKground levels to heads of both acrosome-intact and -reacted sperm, and 125I-ZP2, another zona pellucida glycoprotein, bound preferentially to acrosome-reacted sperm. These results provide visual evidence that ZP3 binds preferentially and specifically to heads of acrosome intact sperm; properties expected of the mouse egg's sperm receptor.

scholarly journals Differential evolution in 3′UTRs leads to specific gene expression in Staphylococcus

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 2544-2563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Menendez-Gil ◽  
Carlos J Caballero ◽  
Arancha Catalan-Moreno ◽  
Naiara Irurzun ◽  
Inigo Barrio-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Orthologous Genes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract The evolution of gene expression regulation has contributed to species differentiation. The 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of mRNAs include regulatory elements that modulate gene expression; however, our knowledge of their implications in the divergence of bacterial species is currently limited. In this study, we performed genome-wide comparative analyses of mRNAs encoding orthologous proteins from the genus Staphylococcus and found that mRNA conservation was lost mostly downstream of the coding sequence (CDS), indicating the presence of high sequence diversity in the 3′UTRs of orthologous genes. Transcriptomic mapping of different staphylococcal species confirmed that 3′UTRs were also variable in length. We constructed chimeric mRNAs carrying the 3′UTR of orthologous genes and demonstrated that 3′UTR sequence variations affect protein production. This suggested that species-specific functional 3′UTRs might be specifically selected during evolution. 3′UTR variations may occur through different processes, including gene rearrangements, local nucleotide changes, and the transposition of insertion sequences. By extending the conservation analyses to specific 3′UTRs, as well as the entire set of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis mRNAs, we showed that 3′UTR variability is widespread in bacteria. In summary, our work unveils an evolutionary bias within 3′UTRs that results in species-specific non-coding sequences that may contribute to bacterial diversity.

scholarly journals Beyond the ENCODE project: using genomics and epigenomics strategies to study enhancer evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1632) ◽  
pp. 20130022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Jo Sakabe ◽  
Marcelo A. Nobrega
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Dna Interaction ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Identify Transcription Factor ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Species Specific

The complex expression patterns observed for many genes are often regulated by distal transcription enhancers. Changes in the nucleotide sequences of enhancers may therefore lead to changes in gene expression, representing a central mechanism by which organisms evolve. With the development of the experimental technique of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), in which discrete regions of the genome bound by specific proteins can be identified, it is now possible to identify transcription factor binding events (putative cis -regulatory elements) in entire genomes. Comparing protein–DNA binding maps allows us, for the first time, to attempt to identify regulatory differences and infer global patterns of change in gene expression across species. Here, we review studies that used genome-wide ChIP to study the evolution of enhancers. The trend is one of high divergence of cis -regulatory elements between species, possibly compensated by extensive creation and loss of regulatory elements and rewiring of their target genes. We speculate on the meaning of the differences observed and discuss that although ChIP experiments identify the biochemical event of protein–DNA interaction, it cannot determine whether the event results in a biological function, and therefore more studies are required to establish the effect of divergence of binding events on species-specific gene expression.

scholarly journals Gene expression evolution in pattern-triggered immunity within Arabidopsis thaliana and across Brassicaceae species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Winkelmüller ◽  
Frederickson Entila ◽  
Shajahan Anver ◽  
Anna Piasecka ◽  
Baoxing Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Brassicaceae Species ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractPlants recognize surrounding microbes by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Despite their significance for microbial control, the evolution of PTI responses remains largely uncharacterized. Employing comparative transcriptomics of six Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and three additional Brassicaceae species for PTI responses to the MAMP flg22, we identified a set of genes with expression changes under purifying selection in the Brassicaceae species and genes exhibiting species-specific expression signatures. Variation in flg22-triggered transcriptome and metabolome responses across Brassicaceae species was incongruent with their phylogeny while expression changes were strongly conserved within A. thaliana, suggesting directional selection for some species-specific gene expression. We found the enrichment of WRKY transcription factor binding sites in 5’-regulatory regions in conserved and species-specific responsive genes, linking the emergence of WRKY-binding sites with the evolution of gene responses in PTI. Our findings advance our understanding of transcriptome evolution during biotic stress.

scholarly journals The Functions of Mediator in Candida albicans Support a Role in Shaping Species-Specific Gene Expression

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. e1002613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Uwamahoro ◽  
Yue Qu ◽  
Branka Jelicic ◽  
Tricia L. Lo ◽  
Cecile Beaurepaire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Gene Expression ◽  
Species Specific

Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor Subtypes 1 and 2: Species-Specific Gene Expression

Genomics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina P. Tan ◽  
Hideki Sano ◽  
Hisashi Iwaasa ◽  
Jie Pan ◽  
Andreas W. Sailer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Specific Gene Expression ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals Analysis of fish ZP1/ZPB homologous genes--evidence for both genome duplication and species-specific amplification models of evolution

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Conner ◽  
DC Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Duplication Event ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Polyploidization Event

The vertebrate egg envelope is composed of a family of related proteins, the zona pellucida (ZP) proteins, which are characterized by the presence of a conserved zona pellucida domain. Analysis of teleost fish ZP gene sequences has demonstrated that there are no direct orthologues of the mammalian ZPB and ZP1 genes, but that teleost fish contain multiple copies of two classes of genes (ZPXa and ZPXb) that are equally related to ZPB and ZP1. The two classes of genes are further distinguished by expression in liver or ovary, respectively, indicating there was probably an initial duplication event, followed by a switch to hepatic expression of one of the paralogues. This switch was followed in some species by additional amplification of one of the paralogues with the subsequent loss of the other. It is proposed that the expansion of the number of ZPXa and ZPXb genes and the acquisition of dual sites of synthesis are the result of an ancient polyploidization event, followed by additional species-specific gene amplifications.

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