Tissue Interactions in Scale and Feather Development as Studied in Dermal-Epidermal Recombinations

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-789
Author(s):  
Mary E. Rawles
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
White Leghorns ◽  
Unusual Phenomenon ◽  
The Common ◽  
Feather Development

The foot of developing embryos of scalefooted varieties of the common domestic fowl (Silver Campine, White Leghorn and others) frequently exhibits feather primordia emerging from the scales of various regions. Many of the feather germs are rudimentary and disappear by the time of hatching, but some persist and differentiate into normal feathers. Such feathers are often inconspicuous and easily overlooked (Plate 1, figs. I–M). Scales bearing feathers by no means represent an unusual phenomenon. Indeed, they were clearly identified by many of the earlier workers, particularly those interested in homologizing these two specialized epidermal derivatives (Jefferies, 1883; Davies, 1889; Bornstein, 1911; Blaszyk, 1935). More recently, the frequent association of feathers with the scales of those pedal components (digits) which arise from the wing ectoderm, after implantation of mesoderm from the prospective foot region, has been noted by Saunders, Cairns & Gasseling (1957) working with White Leghorns.

Fixed patterns of bradycardia during late embryonic development in domestic fowl with C locus mutations

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. H56-H60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Howe ◽  
W. W. Burggren ◽  
S. J. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Structural Gene ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Equivalent Rate ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
White Leghorns

A predictable late embryonic bradycardia (relative to normal White Leghorn chickens) has been documented in chicken strains with C locus mutations. The basis of the bradycardia remains unknown but clearly is related to a mutation at the C locus, which contains the structural gene for tyrosinase. When compared with the heart rate of normal White Leghorns (approximately 295–305 beats/min from day 8 to day 20 of incubation), ca/ca and other C locus mutants showed a 10–12% reduction in heart rate during the last 4 days of incubation. Embryonic mortality occurred in both mutant and normal strains at an equivalent rate (approximately 23%); a significant bradycardia (when compared with surviving embryos of the same strain) developed on the day before death in White Leghorn but not mutant strains. The bradycardia did not affect embryonic oxygen consumption (approximately 0.2 ml O2.egg-1.min-1 at day 14 and 0.4 ml O2.egg-1.min-1 at day 20), which showed only minor differences between strains that can be attributed to differences in embryonic mass on days 16–20.

Development of the Biomaterials Technology for the Infection Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 886-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengzhou Xu ◽  
Zhou Chen ◽  
Zhaofeng Chen ◽  
Yuxin Fan ◽  
Haifeng Mao
Keyword(s):  
Disease Spread ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Infection Resistance ◽  
Glass Base ◽  
Microbial Proliferation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multicenter Clinical Trials ◽  
Technical Solutions

Infections caused by microbial proliferation are one of the common issues and serious threats to the medical care, and they usually result in disease spread. Therefore, it is a significant issue for developing the antiinfective biomaterials to control this problem, according to the specific clinical application. Meanwhile, all their properties, the best anti-infective performance, the safe biocompatibility and the appropriate tissue interactions must be conformed to each other. At present, technologies are developing novel biomaterials and surfaces endowed with anti-infective properties, relying either on bactericidal or anti-biofilm activities. This review focuses on thoroughly summarizing numerous kinds of antibacterial biomaterials, including the antibacterial matrix biomaterials, antibacterial coatings and films, nanostructured materials and antibacterial fibers. Among these strategies, the utilization of bio-glass base and graphene base antibacterial matrix, and their effects on the antibiosis mechanism were emphatically discussed. Simultaneously, the effects and mechanisms of nano-coated metallic ions are also mentioned. Overall, there is a wealth of technical solutions to contrast the establishment of an implant infection. The lack of well-structured prospective multicenter clinical trials hinders the achievement of conclusive data on the efficacy and comparative performance of antibacterial biomaterials.

Production of somatic and germline chimeras in the chicken by transfer of early blastodermal cells

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Petitte ◽  
M.E. Clark ◽  
G. Liu ◽  
A.M. Verrinder Gibbins ◽  
R.J. Etches
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Line ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Donor Cell ◽  
Black Pigment ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
White Leghorns ◽  
Blastodermal Cells

Cells were isolated from stage X embryos of a line of Barred Plymouth Rock chickens (that have black pigment in their feathers due to the recessive allele at the I locus) and injected into the subgerminal cavity of embryos from an inbred line of Dwarf White Leghorns (that have white feathers due to the dominant allele at the I locus). Of 53 Dwarf White Leghorn embryos that were injected with Barred Plymouth Rock blastodermal cells, 6 (11.3%) were phenotypically chimeric with respect to feather colour and one (a male) survived to hatching. The distribution of black feathers in the recipients was variable and not limited to a particular region although, in all but one case, the donor cell lineage was evident in the head. The male somatic chimera was mated to several Barred Plymouth Rock hens to determine the extent to which donor cells had been incorporated into his testes. Of 719 chicks hatched from these matings, 2 were phenotypically Barred Plymouth Rocks demonstrating that cells capable of incorporation into the germline had been transferred. Fingerprints of the blood and sperm DNA from the germline chimera indicated that both of these tissues were different from those of the inbred line of Dwarf White Leghorns. Bands that were present in fingerprints of blood DNA from the chimera and not present in those of the Dwarf White Leghorns were observed in those of the Barred Plymouth Rocks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The inheritance of shank colour in single comb White Leghorn and Australorp fowls

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
F Skaller ◽  
GW Grigg
Keyword(s):  
White Leghorn ◽  
Genetical Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
White Leghorns ◽  
Single Comb ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

Evidence has been presented in the literature on the mode of inheritance of shank colour in various breeds of chickens, but little has hitherto been known about the same aspect in an Australian breed, the Black Australorp. Observations on the incidence of shank colour in different types of crosses between yellow-shanked White Leghorns and black-shanked Australorps are reported in this paper. According to the observations made by other workers on White Leghorn and other breeds, a hypothesis is advanced regarding the genes involved in determining shank colour in the White Leghorn and Australorp. A genetical analysis of the observations made by the authors on 847 single crosses, 71 backcrosses, and 31 zig-zag crosses is presented and shows close statistical agreement with the hypothesis. A genetical formula, including four autosomal and two sex-linked genes, is suggested which would explain the mode of inheritance of shank colour in White Leghorns and Australorps.

Utilization of heterosis in poultry

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
FHW Morley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Additive Genetic Variation ◽  
White Leghorns ◽  
Recessive Genes

Records were analysed of 500-day production, egg weight, 11-week and mature body weight, sex maturity, and broodiness of the crossbred progeny of inbred lines of Australorps mated to White Leghorns, and inbred lines of White Leghorns mated to Australorps. Clear differences between lines of both breeds mere found in most characters, indicating the presence of potentially useful amounts of additive genetic variation. Non-additive genetic variation was also found to be present in varying degrees in different characters. Because of the difficulties of developing and maintaining inbred stocks of poultry, and the importance of sex-linked characteristics in some commercial environments, a scheme is proposed which may enable heterosis to be exploited without the use of inbred material. The basis of this scheme is the combination of the White Leghorn sex chromosome, with varying proportions of Australorp and White Leghorn autosomes, in a new breed. Assuming that the heterosis observed in the F1 is due to elimination of certain biochemical blocks determined by recessive genes, the formation of the new breed should enable the methods of closed flock breeding to be used in material at a higher level of production, and likely to contain more genetic variability, than either parent breed.

Genetic parameters associated with characters effecting egg production in the domestic fowl. I. Heritability of total egg production during the pullet year

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Components Of Variance ◽  
Production Index ◽  
The Mean

Egg production records of White Leghorn pullets hatched a t the Poultry Research Centre, Werribee, Vic., during 1947 to 1950 inclusive have been analysed both on a hen-housed (Production Index) and a survivor basis. Estimates of heritability were obtained by two methods: (1) by the analysis of components of variance between families of full sibs and half-sibs; (2) by estimating the intra-sire regression of the mean performance of offspring on dam's performance. Heritability, in the narrow sense, of Production Index during the pullet year is shown to be 23-30 per cent. with a reasonably low standard error, while heritability of survivors' production is slightly lower but not significantly so. Possible reasons are advanced for the low estimates of heritability of survivors' production.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Pathology and Host Immune Response Induced by Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Experimentally Infected Chickens of Aseel and White Leghorn Breeds

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Shyama N. Prabhu ◽  
Ajay Pratap Singh ◽  
Berin P. Varghese ◽  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Shambhu Dayal Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
White Leghorns ◽  
Bursal Disease

Indigenous breeds of young chickens in India are believed to be resistant to the classical strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). However, the mechanism underlying this resistance is obscure. Innate immunity is a key factor in defining the clinical course and pathology of microbial infections. The present study is aimed to compare the pathology of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and immunological host response in experimentally infected - vaccinated and unvaccinated indigenous Aseel and commercial White Leghorn chickens. The viral loads and innate immune gene expression profiles of MDA-5, Mx, IFN-α, and IFN-β in different lymphoid organs were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The histopathological scores in Aseel birds were lower than in White Leghorns despite comparable viral loads. The degrees of histopathological lesions were fewer in vaccinated birds than in unvaccinated birds of both breeds. Analysis of innate immune response genes revealed that the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor MDA-5 gene was overexpressed mainly in the cecal tonsils of both vaccinated and nonvaccinated White Leghorn chickens. An increase in the expression of the IFN-α gene was seen in the cecal tonsils of Aseels, and an increase in IFN-β gene expression was seen in the thymuses of White Leghorns following vvIBDV challenge both in vaccinated and nonvaccinated birds. In addition, we observed that the Mx gene plays a minimal role, if any, in vvIBDV infection of the breeds under study. It remains interesting and important that although vvIBDV causes disease in indigenous Aseel birds, the faster clearance and reduced pathology of the virus in Aseel birds compared to White Leghorn chicken indicate some unidentified innate immune factors that are limiting IBDV in this breed. Further studies will be required to correlate kinetics of humoral and cellular immune response in relation to the virus load in different organs to illuminate the mechanism of genetic resistance in native breeds of chicken.

scholarly journals Heterosis and Selection in the Domestic Fowl

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Morris ◽  
FE Binet
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Hybrid Vigour ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Parental Lines

Hybrids, generated by crossing highly selected and mildly inbred strains from two distinct breeds (viz. Australorp and White Leghorn) of Gallus domesticus, showed appreciable hybrid vigour with respect to the trait used in the parental lines as selection criterion, and also with respect to certain other traits.

XVII. On the change in the plumage of some hen-pheasants

1827 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
The Common ◽  
Considerable Discussion

The latter part of the last shooting season has been unusually productive of those hen-pheasants which assume, more or less, the appearance of the male, and considerable discussion has, in consequence, arisen as to the cause of this change in the plumage. Chance, rather than design, having supplied me with many opportunities of observation both on pheasants and the common domestic fowl, I am induced to notice the internal peculiarities that have been observed invariably to accompany this change of feather, and such other circumstances as appear connected with this subject, some of which I think will be found new and interesting.

Testicular regulation of sexual dimorphisms in the ultradian profiles of circulating growth hormone in the chicken

1994 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisar A Pampori ◽  
Bernard H Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Plasma Gh

Pampori NA, Shapiro BH. Testicular regulation of sexual dimorphisms in the ultradian profiles of circulating growth hormone in the chicken. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:313–318. ISSN 0804–4643 Ultradian patterns in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were determined in adult white Leghorn roosters, hens and capons. Serial blood samples were collected every 15 min over 8 h through surgically placed chronic indwelling right atrial catheters and assayed for GH content by a homologous radioimmunoassay. In both sexes, GH levels fluctuated episodically, with peak and interpeak periods each lasting about 45 min in both roosters and hens. However, GH concentrations in the peaks and nadirs were 2.5–3.5 times greater in the plasma GH profiles of roosters as compared to hens, which resulted in roosters having higher mean GH concentrations. Caponizing completely feminized the episodic GH secretory profile. In contrast to chickens, the common sexually dimorphic feature in secretory GH profiles of mammals is the enhanced peak frequencing found in females. Bernard H Shapiro, Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6048, USA

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