A radioautographic study of the development of the somite in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
Jan Langman ◽  
George R. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
And Migration

Considerable difference of opinion exists about the origin of the various components of the somite. According to Williams (1910), Hamilton (1952) and Boyd (1960), the cells of the myotome originate in the dorso-medial angle of the somite wall and migrate beneath the dermatome in ventro-lateral direction. A group of older investigators (Remak, 1855; His, 1888; Bardeen, 1900) state, however, that the myotome cells originate not only in the dorso-medial angle but also along the total length of the dorsal somite wall, formed by the dermatome. Similarly, in birds whether the myotome extends in ventro-lateral direction by growth and migration of existing cells (Engert, 1900; Williams, 1910) or by differentiation of locally found mesoderm cells into myoblasts (Straus & Rawles, 1953) remains even at present a controversial issue.

A radioautographic analysis of the migration and fate of cells derived from the occipital somites in the chick embryo with specific reference to the development of the hypoglossal musculature

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-466
Author(s):  
R. D. Hazelton
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Pharyngeal Area

The migration pattern and fate of cells of the occipital somites and overlying ectoderm have been described for the chick embryo with particular reference to the development of the hypoglossal musculature. Tritium-labelled thymidine (0·5–10 µCi per egg) was used as a cell-specific marker. Occipital somites (2–5) with overlying ectoderm were transplanted orthotopically from labelled donor embryos to unlabelled host embryos (Hamburger & Hamilton, stage 9–10). The embryos were incubated, for varying lengths of time (24 h-5 days), sacrificed, sectioned and the migration pattern and fate of the labelled cells determined radioautographically. It appears that the hypoglossal as well as other hypopharyngeal musculature originates from the occipital somites. The mesodermal migration pattern extended from the occipital somite region in a ventroposterior direction to the dorsal surface of the pericardial cavity posterior to the expanded portion of the pharynx. At this position a so-called hypoglossal cord formed on each side which ran anteriorly to the level of the second pharyngeal pouch where it turned medially and together with the cord from the other side entered the pharyngeal area of the embryo. This material apparently forms the intrinsic musculature of the tongue. The mesodermal movements are attributed to differential growth movements of the areas concerned as well as to active cell mutiplication and migration. Selective embryonic neuronal staining was undertaken to study the relationship between the migrating hypoglossal cord and nerve. The cord preceded the nerve in its migration. There is an occipital somitic contribution to the primitive meninx, to the endothelial walls of developing blood vessels, possibly to microglial cells and to the cartilage surrounding the notocord. The occipital ectoderm expands dorso-anteriorly and ventro-laterally. In the ventro-lateral position as contact is made with the pharyngeal endoderm a placode is formed which contributes cells to the nodose ganglion of the tenth cranial nerve. There is no other contribution of the ectoderm to the underlying tissues.

Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lumsden ◽  
N. Sprawson ◽  
A. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Membrane Probe ◽  
Vital Dye ◽  
Video Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Dye Analysis ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Neural Crest Migration ◽  
Branchial Region

A vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest migration in the chick embryo has provided a positional fate map of greater resolution than has been possible using labelled graft techniques. Focal injections of the fluorescent membrane probe DiI were made into the cranial neural folds at stages between 3 and 16 somites. Groups of neuroepithelial cells, including the premigratory neural crest, were labelled by the vital dye. Analysis of whole-mount embryos after 1–2 days further development, using conventional and intensified video fluorescence microscopy, revealed the pathways of crest cells migrating from mesencephalic and rhombencephalic levels of the neuraxis into the subjacent branchial region. The patterns of crest emergence and emigration correlate with the segmented disposition of the rhombencephalon. Branchial arches 1, 2 and 3 are filled by crest cells migrating from rhombomeres 2, 4 and 6 respectively, in register with the cranial nerve entry/exit points in these segments. The three streams of ventrally migrating cells are separated by alternating regions, rhombomeres 3 and 5, which release no crest cells. Rostrally, rhombomere 1 and the caudal mesencephalon also contribute crest to the first arch, primarily to its upper (maxillary) component. Both r3 and r5 are associated with enhanced levels of cell death amongst cells of the dorsal midline, suggesting that crest may form at these levels but is then eliminated. Organisation of the branchial region is thus related by the dynamic process of neural crest immigration to the intrinsic mechanisms that segment the neuraxis.

Differentiation of the Yolk Sac of the Chick Studied by Electron Microscopy

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-225
Author(s):  
Ruth Bellairs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
The Third ◽  
Striking Increase ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

The chick embryo is nourished on yolk throughout its entire pre-natal life, the yolk sac being the organ responsible for the uptake of yolk and its digestion. This organ is formed from the area opaca, and during the first few days of incubation there is a striking increase in its area; in fact, the whole yolk becomes almost entirely covered by the end of the third day. This expansion is apparently the result of both proliferation and migration. It is generally considered that proliferation takes place largely in a band of tissue lying just proximal to the edge of the blastoderm (the so-called ‘syncytial’ zone or area vitellina externa). Migration has been shown to be due to the activity of highly specialized cells at the periphery (New, 1959). The purpose of Part I of this investigation was to study the relationship between the ‘syncytial’ zone and the underlying yolk, and to provide a description of the edge cells.

Pigmentation, size, and migration of elvers (Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)) in a coastal Rhode Island stream

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2528-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Haro ◽  
William H. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Anguilla Rostrata ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
Tidal Influence ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Spawning Area ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Range Of Variation

Progressive pigmentation of Anguilla rostrata elvers was very similar to that described for A. anguilla. Pigmentation increased rapidly with the advancing season, while total length decreased. The increase in pigmentation was independent of the decrease in length and may have been influenced by increased contact with the substrate. Mean lengths showed significant differences within seasons and between years, and the range of variation was greater than that described by V. D. Vladykov (1966. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 16: 1007–1017) for elvers collected from Maryland to Quebec. We substantiate Vladykov's finding that elver size tends to increase with increasing distance from the spawning area, but reject his size/sex hypothesis. The main migration occurred in April and May and was related to decreasing water depth and rising stream temperature. Elvers took about 4 weeks to ascend 180 m above the tidal zone, probably because of a high stream gradient and the absence of tidal influence.

1018 Origin and migration of the optic nerve oligodendrocyte in the chick embryo

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. S122
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Ono ◽  
Toshiko Tsumori ◽  
Toshiro Kishi ◽  
Yukihiko Yasui
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
And Migration

Demonstration of Retinal Glycogen with Silver Methenamine

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 564-565
Author(s):  
A. W. Sedar ◽  
G. H. Bresnick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Müller Cell ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Reactive Process ◽  
Inner Limiting Membrane ◽  
Muller Cell ◽  
And Migration

After experimetnal damage to the retina with a variety of procedures Müller cell hypertrophy and migration occurs. According to Kuwabara and others the reactive process in these injuries is evidenced by a marked increase in amount of glycogen in the Müller cells. These cells were considered originally supporting elements with fiber processes extending throughout the retina from inner limiting membrane to external limiting membrane, but are known now to have high lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize glycogen. Since the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique was shown to demonstrate glycogen at the electron microscope level, it was selected to react with glycogen in the fine processes of the Müller cell that ramify among the neural elements in various layers of the retina and demarcate these cells cytologically. The Rhesus monkey was chosen as an example of a well vascularized retina and the rabbit as an example of a avascular retina to explore the possibilities of the technique.

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