The Effects of Chorioallantoic Grafts on the Developing Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475
Author(s):  
Pierson J. Van Alten ◽  
R. A. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Chicken Spleen ◽  
Chicken Tissue ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Host Embryo

The grafting of tissues to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo has been widely used for study of organ-specific growth stimulation. Murphy (1916) and Danchakoff (1916) first observed that chorioallantoic grafts of adult chicken spleen induced enlargement of the spleens of host embryos. The former attributed spleen hypertrophy to an increase in the number of small lymphocytes while the latter attributed it to an intense proliferation of lymphoid haemocytoblasts which ultimately differentiated into granulocytes. In a subsequent study Danchakoff (1918) observed that transformation of mesenchyme into granuloblastic cells was not confined to the spleen but extended throughout the whole mesenchyme of the host. An extensive investigation of the problem of the effect of CAM grafts of adult chicken tissue on homologous tissues of the host embryo was carried out by Ebert (1955). He observed a very marked enlargement of spleens in host chicks following grafts of adult chicken spleen (Ebert, 1951).

Enhancement of Growth of Chick Host Spleens following Chorio-allantoic Membrane Grafts of Homologous Tissues1

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-525
Author(s):  
A. M. Mun ◽  
I. L. Kosin ◽  
I. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Chicken Tissues ◽  
Chicken Spleen ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Excellent Tool

The phenomenon of enlargement of the host chick embryo spleen, following grafts of homologous adult chicken tissues to the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM), affords the investigator an excellent tool for the study of growth. Initial observations of this phenomenon were made by Danchakoff (1916) and Murphy (1916). Grafts of adult chicken spleen on the chorio-allantoic membrane of 9-day-old chick embryos brought about a striking enlargement of the host spleens after 8 additional days of incubation. The phenomenon was later studied by Ebert (1951), who showed that the effect was only partially organ-specific. Grafts of thymus and liver affected the weight of the host spleen, but in each case the effect was far smaller than that observed with splenic transplants. Andres (1955) found that injected kidney and liver debris, which elicited an increased mitotic index in the homologous host organ, was not inhibited in its action by killing the cells through freezing and subsequent thawing.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION

1966 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Marilyn Smart ◽  
Edwin D. Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Present System ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Hydrocortisone Administration ◽  
Experimental Viral Infection

A comparative study was undertaken of the pathogenesis of infection of the allantoic sac of the chick embryo with three influenza viruses of differing virulence, and of the influence of hydrocortisone on the course of infection. Judged on the basis of earlier onset and greater degree of inflammatory response and diminished survival time of infected embryos, Mel. and Lee viruses were markedly more virulent than PR8, despite the earlier appearance of virus in PR8-infected embryos. Interferon appeared first and in greater quantity in the allantoic fluid of Lee-infected embryos and latest with PR8 infection. Thus, there was no correlation of avirulence and better interferon production with the viruses under study in the present system. Furthermore, evidence obtained suggested that Lee virus ("virulent") was most susceptible to interferon action, and also that viral synthesis in the chorioallantoic membrane with PR8 ("avirulent") persisted after the appearance of interferon. The injection of hydrocortisone within 2 hr of the initiation of infection delayed the synthesis of all three viruses; had no significant effect upon the inflammatory response; and transiently inhibited the synthesis of interferon, while prolonging the survival of Lee- and Mel.-infected embryos. Late administration of hydrocortisone suppresses both the inflammatory response and the production of interferon. Only in the case of Lee virus infection did hydrocortisone administration lead to augmentation of final yields of virus with the low infection multiplicity employed in the present experiments. It is postulated that Lee virus is a better inducer of interferon because its infectivity in vivo is more rapidly inactivated. As a consequence synthesis of Lee virus is more under the control of endogenous interferon than is the case with PR8 or Mel. virus. Therefore, inhibition of interferon synthesis with hydrocortisone has a greater influence on final yields of Lee virus.

Responses of tumour cell lines implanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo to anticancer agents in combination with hyperthermia

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Uchibayashi ◽  
M. Egawa ◽  
K. Nakajima ◽  
H. Hisazumi ◽  
M. Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Tumour Cell ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Tumour Cell Lines

Neural induction and regionalisation in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Storey ◽  
J.M. Crossley ◽  
E.M. De Robertis ◽  
W.E. Norris ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Embryo Chick ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Region

Induction and regionalisation of the chick nervous system were investigated by transplanting Hensen's node into the extra-embryonic region (area opaca margin) of a host embryo. Chick/quail chimaeras were used to determine the contributions of host and donor tissue to the supernumerary axis, and three molecular markers, Engrailed, neurofilaments (antibody 3A10) and XlHbox1/Hox3.3 were used to aid the identification of particular regions of the ectopic axis. We find that the age of the node determines the regions of the nervous system that form: young nodes (stages 2–4) induced both anterior and posterior nervous system, while older nodes (stages 5–6) have reduced inducing ability and generate only posterior nervous system. By varying the age of the host embryo, we show that the competence of the epiblast to respond to neural induction declines after stage 4. We conclude that during normal development, the initial steps of neural induction take place before stage 4 and that anteroposterior regionalisation of the nervous system may be a later process, perhaps associated with the differentiating notochord. We also speculate that the mechanisms responsible for induction of head CNS differ from those that generate the spinal cord: the trunk CNS could arise by homeogenetic induction by anterior CNS or by elongation of neural primordia that are induced very early.

Immunological Attack by Adult Cells in the Developing Chick Embryo: Influence of the Vascularity of the Host Spleen and of Homograft Rejection by the Embryo on Splenomegaly

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
J. B. Solomon ◽  
D. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Immunological Attack ◽  
Adult Cells

The immunological attack by adult cells introduced into the embryo is first manifest by splenomegaly. The extent of this splenomegaly depends upon many factors. There must be antigenic differences between the donor and host in that the host must possess antigens absent in the donor (Cock & Simonsen, 1958; Mun, Kosin & Sato, 1959; Burnet & Boyer, 1961; Jaffe & Payne, 1961). The degree of splenomegaly also depends upon the immunological maturity of the donor cells (Ebert, 1951; Simonsen, 1957; Solomon, 1960, 1961a), the number of donor cells injected into the embryo (Isacson, 1959; Terasaki, 1959a; Solomon, 1962) and, in some cases, upon the sex of the host (Solomon, 1962). In this paper two further factors are shown to affect splenomegaly—the age of the host embryo and the method of administration of the donor cells. Danchakoff (1916) first showed that the histology of the spleen during splenomegaly varied with the age of the host without being aware of the nature of the transplantation reactions involved.

scholarly journals The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic memberane, minced embryo and cell suspensions

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Maitland ◽  
D. I. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Considerable Doubt

The growth curve of rabbit skin-adapted vaccinia virus in the chick chorioallantoic membrane incubated in Hanks' solution showed a drop in titre of virus for about 10 hr. followed by growth. At least 25% of virus, sometimes more, remained infective. A similar fall in titre was observed in heated membranes in which the virus did not grow and this occurred also when membranes, either normal or heated, were infected and disintegrated before incubation.The growth curve of virus in minced chick-embryo was similar to that in chorioallantoic membrane.Virus in cell suspensions prepared from chick embryo and incubated in a nutrient medium showed only a small loss of infectivity before growth in some experiments and rarely dropped below 65–70 % of the original titre in others.These results throw considerable doubt on the view that loss of infectivity preceding growth of vaccinia virus should be interpreted as an essential part of a growth cycle.

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