Immunological Attack by Adult Cells in the Developing Chick Embryo: Influence of the Vascularity of the Host Spleen and of Homograft Rejection by the Embryo on Splenomegaly

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
J. B. Solomon ◽  
D. F. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Immunological Attack ◽  
Adult Cells

The immunological attack by adult cells introduced into the embryo is first manifest by splenomegaly. The extent of this splenomegaly depends upon many factors. There must be antigenic differences between the donor and host in that the host must possess antigens absent in the donor (Cock & Simonsen, 1958; Mun, Kosin & Sato, 1959; Burnet & Boyer, 1961; Jaffe & Payne, 1961). The degree of splenomegaly also depends upon the immunological maturity of the donor cells (Ebert, 1951; Simonsen, 1957; Solomon, 1960, 1961a), the number of donor cells injected into the embryo (Isacson, 1959; Terasaki, 1959a; Solomon, 1962) and, in some cases, upon the sex of the host (Solomon, 1962). In this paper two further factors are shown to affect splenomegaly—the age of the host embryo and the method of administration of the donor cells. Danchakoff (1916) first showed that the histology of the spleen during splenomegaly varied with the age of the host without being aware of the nature of the transplantation reactions involved.

Neural induction and regionalisation in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Storey ◽  
J.M. Crossley ◽  
E.M. De Robertis ◽  
W.E. Norris ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Embryo Chick ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Region

Induction and regionalisation of the chick nervous system were investigated by transplanting Hensen's node into the extra-embryonic region (area opaca margin) of a host embryo. Chick/quail chimaeras were used to determine the contributions of host and donor tissue to the supernumerary axis, and three molecular markers, Engrailed, neurofilaments (antibody 3A10) and XlHbox1/Hox3.3 were used to aid the identification of particular regions of the ectopic axis. We find that the age of the node determines the regions of the nervous system that form: young nodes (stages 2–4) induced both anterior and posterior nervous system, while older nodes (stages 5–6) have reduced inducing ability and generate only posterior nervous system. By varying the age of the host embryo, we show that the competence of the epiblast to respond to neural induction declines after stage 4. We conclude that during normal development, the initial steps of neural induction take place before stage 4 and that anteroposterior regionalisation of the nervous system may be a later process, perhaps associated with the differentiating notochord. We also speculate that the mechanisms responsible for induction of head CNS differ from those that generate the spinal cord: the trunk CNS could arise by homeogenetic induction by anterior CNS or by elongation of neural primordia that are induced very early.

scholarly journals The road to generating transplantable organs: from blastocyst complementation to interspecies chimeras

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Canbin Zheng ◽  
Emily B. Ballard ◽  
Jun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
The Road ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Blastocyst Complementation ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Host Embryo

ABSTRACT Growing human organs in animals sounds like something from the realm of science fiction, but it may one day become a reality through a technique known as interspecies blastocyst complementation. This technique, which was originally developed to study gene function in development, involves injecting donor pluripotent stem cells into an organogenesis-disabled host embryo, allowing the donor cells to compensate for missing organs or tissues. Although interspecies blastocyst complementation has been achieved between closely related species, such as mice and rats, the situation becomes much more difficult for species that are far apart on the evolutionary tree. This is presumably because of layers of xenogeneic barriers that are a result of divergent evolution. In this Review, we discuss the current status of blastocyst complementation approaches and, in light of recent progress, elaborate on the keys to success for interspecies blastocyst complementation and organ generation.

The L5 epitope: an early marker for neural induction in the chick embryo and its involvement in inductive interactions

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Roberts ◽  
N. Platt ◽  
A. Streit ◽  
M. Schachner ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Hybridoma Cells ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Lower Molecular Mass ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Donor Embryo ◽  
Developing Nervous System

The pattern of expression of the carbohydrate epitope L5 was studied during early development of the chick neuroepithelium. Immunoreactivity first appears during gastrulation, at mid-primitive streak stage, and persists until at least 3.5 days of development. The epitope is expressed on all the components of the developing nervous system, both central and peripheral. In immunoblots, the antibody recognises a major component of about Mr 500,000 and several more minor components of lower molecular mass. If a Hensen's node from a donor embryo is transplanted into the area opaca of a host embryo, L5 immunoreactivity appears in the epiblast surrounding the graft. If hybridoma cells secreting the antibody are grafted together with Hensen's node into a host chick embryo, the induction of a supernumerary nervous system is inhibited. We suggest that the L5 epitope is an early and general marker for neural induction and that it may be involved directly in inductive interactions.

The Onset and Maturation of the Graft versus Host Reaction in Chickens

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-369
Author(s):  
J. B. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Graft Versus Host Reaction ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Adult Cells

When implants of spleen from mature homologous chicken are placed on the chorio-allantoic membranes of chicken eggs, certain of the adult cells rapidly invade the vascular system of the host (Dantchakoff, 1918). Some of these cells colonize the spleen of the host embryo (Biggs & Payne, 1959; Ebert, 1959; Simonsen, 1957) and after a short latent period these adult cells proliferate in the host spleen under the stimulus of continuous exposure to the individual specific foreign antigens of the host. The resulting splenomegaly of the host embryo is generally recognized to be due to the proliferation of these immunologically competent cells. However, the possibility of enhanced mitotic division of spleen cells of the embryonic host being also partly responsible for the splenomegaly has been suggested by Biggs & Payne (1959). This type of transplantation effect has been termed the ‘graft versus host’ reaction (Simonsen, 1957) of which the initial symptoms are splenomegaly and hepatomegaly of the host.

The Effects of Chorioallantoic Grafts on the Developing Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475
Author(s):  
Pierson J. Van Alten ◽  
R. A. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Chicken Spleen ◽  
Chicken Tissue ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Host Embryo

The grafting of tissues to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo has been widely used for study of organ-specific growth stimulation. Murphy (1916) and Danchakoff (1916) first observed that chorioallantoic grafts of adult chicken spleen induced enlargement of the spleens of host embryos. The former attributed spleen hypertrophy to an increase in the number of small lymphocytes while the latter attributed it to an intense proliferation of lymphoid haemocytoblasts which ultimately differentiated into granulocytes. In a subsequent study Danchakoff (1918) observed that transformation of mesenchyme into granuloblastic cells was not confined to the spleen but extended throughout the whole mesenchyme of the host. An extensive investigation of the problem of the effect of CAM grafts of adult chicken tissue on homologous tissues of the host embryo was carried out by Ebert (1955). He observed a very marked enlargement of spleens in host chicks following grafts of adult chicken spleen (Ebert, 1951).

scholarly journals Brachial muscles in the chick embryo: the fate of individual somites

Development ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
Bonnie Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Donor Embryo

The wing and wing-associated muscles of the shoulder and thorax in the bird all cleavefrom common myogenic masses in the developing wing bud and are referred to collectively as brachial muscles. In this study the precise embryonic origin of the brachial muscles was determined using chick-quail chimaeras. Such chimaeras consisted of a graft of one somite taken from a 2-day quail donor embryo transplanted to the equivalent location in a 2-day chick host embryo. The chimaeras were analysed at 9·5–10·0 days in ovo to determine the location of the grafted cells and therefore the structures that were derived from the transplanted somite. The somites that were studied in this manner were somites 13 to 23 inclusive. The results show that only somites 16 to 21 inclusive contribute cells to the brachial musculature; moreover, the cells from a given somite are not distributed randomly among the brachial muscles but populate specific muscles only: thus it has been possible to map the somitic origin of individual brachial muscles. Moreover, there is an indication that each somite plays a unique role in the development of the brachial muscles.

Otoconia formation in the chick embryo

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
C.D. Fermin ◽  
M. Igarashi
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Basic Fuchsin ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Transmission Electron

Otoconia are microscopic geometric structures that cover the sensory epithelia of the utricle and saccule (gravitational receptors) of mammals, and the lagena macula of birds. The importance of otoconia for maintanance of the body balance is evidenced by the abnormal behavior of species with genetic defects of otolith. Although a few reports have dealt with otoconia formation, some basic questions remain unanswered. The chick embryo is desirable for studying otoconial formation because its inner ear structures are easily accessible, and its gestational period is short (21 days of incubation).The results described here are part of an intensive study intended to examine the morphogenesis of the otoconia in the chick embryo (Gallus- domesticus) inner ear. We used chick embryos from the 4th day of incubation until hatching, and examined the specimens with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The embryos were decapitated, and fixed by immersion with 3% cold glutaraldehyde. The ears and their parts were dissected out under the microscope; no decalcification was used. For LM, the ears were embedded in JB-4 plastic, cut serially at 5 micra and stained with 0.2% toluidine blue and 0.1% basic fuchsin in 25% alcohol.

Morphological Examination of a Herpes-type Virus Indigenous for Tree Shrews

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
J. P. Brunschwig ◽  
R. M. McCombs ◽  
R. Mirkovic ◽  
M. Benyesh-Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Embryo Cells

A new virus, established as a member of the herpesvirus group by electron microscopy, was isolated from spontaneously degenerating cell cultures derived from the kidneys and lungs of two normal tree shrews. The virus was found to replicate best in cells derived from the homologous species. The cells used were a tree shrew cell line, T-23, which was derived from a spontaneous soft tissue sarcoma. The virus did not multiply or did so poorly for a limited number of passages in human, monkey, rodent, rabbit or chick embryo cells. In the T-23 cells, the virus behaved as members of the subgroup B of herpesvirus, in that the virus remained primarily cell associated.

Scanning electron microscopic study of collagen fibrillogenesis and extracellular compartmentalization in the chick embryo tendon

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Grace C.H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
And Function

The size and organization of collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix is an important determinant of tissue structure and function. The synthesis and deposition of collagen involves multiple steps which begin within the cell and continue in the extracellular space. High-voltage electron microscopic studies of the chick embryo cornea and tendon suggested that the extracellular space is compartmentalized by the fibroblasts for the regulation of collagen fibril, bundle, and tissue specific macroaggregate formation. The purpose of this study is to gather direct evidence regarding the association of the fibroblast cell surface with newly formed collagen fibrils, and to define the role of the fibroblast in the control and the precise positioning of collagen fibrils, bundles, and macroaggregates during chick tendon development.

vitreal cells and specialized phagocytes in the chick embryo retina: A TEM and SEM study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M.A. Cuadros ◽  
M.J. Martinez-Guerrero ◽  
A. Rios
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Free Cells

In the chick embryo retina (days 3-4 of incubation), coinciding with an increase in cell death, specialized phagocytes characterized by intense acid phosphatase activity have been described. In these preparations, all free cells in the vitreal humor (vitreal cells) were strongly labeled. Conventional TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize them and attempt to determine their relationship with retinal phagocytes.Two types of vitreal cells were distinguished. The first are located at some distance from the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium, and are rounded, with numerous vacuoles and thin cytoplasmic prolongations. Images of exo- and or endocytosis were frequent; the cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus (Fig. 1) In SEM images, the cells was covered with short cellular processes (Fig. 3). Cells lying parallel to or alongside the basement membrane are elongated. The plasma membrane is frequently in intimate contact with the basement membrane. These cells have generally a large cytoplasmic expansion (Fig. 5).

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