scholarly journals Memoirs: Cytoplasmic Inclusions in the Eggs of certain Indian Snakes

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (302) ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
KRISHNA BEHARI LAL
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Individual

1. Golgi bodies are juxtanuclear in the early stages after which they migrate towards the cortex, getting finally dispersed in the cytoplasm. Some of the elements in the early stages swell up and become round; this stage is followed by the formation of fatty-yolk bodies. In general the individual Golgi elements have a lightly staining centre surrounded by a heavily impregnated rim. Sometimes they also appear as crescents in section. These bodies are also present in the theca and the follicle cells of the oocyte and periodically ‘infiltrate’ inwards into the cortical region. 2. Mitochondria are feebly developed, and whenever met with are granular in early stages and dust-like and more peripheral in advanced oocytes. 3. Patty yolk is short-lived and is formed in the cytoplasm under the influence of a number of Golgi bodies. 4. Albuminous yolk appears late in the development of the oocyte. It arises in the cytoplasm, sometimes in vesicles and sometimes in association with mitochondria in the peripheral region. 5. The four species of snake examined, Zamenis mucosus, Gongylophis conicus, Tropidonotus stolatus , and Tropidonotus piscator, are not very dissimilar with regard to the origin and behaviour of their cytoplasmic inclusions.

Memoirs: A Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Nucleolar Phenomena during the Oogenesis of the Mouse

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (300) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Nucleolar Material

1. The Golgi apparatus of the germinal epithelium consists of a dark mass of material situated at one pole of the nucleus. The mitochondria occur scattered throughout the cytoplasm. 2. The Golgi material of the very early oocyte consists of rods and granules clumped together to form a large body at one pole of the nucleus; smaller masses of Golgi material may also be present. 3. In the young oocyte, surrounded by a follicle wall, a single juxta-nuclear body is present; at a later stage the individual Golgi elements break away from the juxta-nuclear body and become distributed throughout the ooplasm. 4. In the late oocytes the Golgi elements occur in close association with the mitochondrial clumps and also scattered through the ooplasm. In tubal eggs the Golgi bodies are smaller in size and more numerous than in the ovarian ova. 5. It is concluded that the large mitochondria of Lams and Doorme correspond to the oocyte Golgi elements of the present contribution. The behaviour of the Golgi material during the growth of the ovum resembles that of the eggs of other mammals. The present findings on the structure of the juxta-nuclear Golgi material agrees with Nihoul's account for the rabbit. 6. The mitochondria of the young oocytes occur scattered through the ooplasm, but are more numerous in the vicinity of the nucleus and Golgi material. Later, the majority of the mitochondria become collected into clumps; in the tubal eggs the mitochondrial clumps are more numerous. 7. The Golgi apparatus of young follicles is situated between the follicle-cell nucleus and the pole of the cell directed towards the oocyte; in follicles consisting of several layers the position of the Golgi apparatus varies, while in fully-formed follicles the Golgi material of many of the cells surrounding the follicular cavity are directed towards the cavity. This agrees with Henneguy's findings for the Golgi apparatus of the follicle-cells of the guinea-pig. The mitochondria of the follicle-cells occur scattered through the cytoplasm but are more numerous towards the pole of the cell adjoining the oocyte. 8. The number of nucleoli present in the early oocyte varies from one to five; the majority of the older oocytes contain a single nucleolus but two may be present. Extrusion into the ooplasm of nucleolar material takes place; the nucleoli and the nucleolar extrusions are basophil (Mann's methyl-blue eosin). 9. Fatty yolk is not present in the mouse ovum. It is suggested that the Golgi elements and mitochondria play some part in yolk-formation, and that some of the granules formed by the fragmentation of the nucleolar extrusions are added to the yolkglobules already present. The yolk-globules of unsegmented tubal eggs are situated towards one pole of the cell; at the twocell stage they appear to be evenly distributed between the two cells. 10. In degenerating eggs the mitochondria are clumped; the Golgi bodies occur in small groups or are closely applied to the mitochondrial clumps. In eggs which have undergone fragmentation the Golgi bodies occur in groups, while the majority of the mitochondria are clumped. The fat-globules, previously recorded by Kingery in degenerating eggs, were identified. In material treated by Ciaccio's method for the identification of fats, appearances suggest that the Golgi elements, and possibly the mitochondria, give rise to fat. Yolk-globules could not be distinguished in the late stages of these eggs.

Homelessness or Symbolic Castration? Subjectivity, Language Acquisition, and Sociality in Julia Kristeva and Jacques Lacan

Hypatia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Schmitz ◽  
Julia Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Jacques Lacan ◽  
Julia Kristeva ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Forms Of Violence

How much violence can a society expect its members to accept? A comparison between the language theories of Julia Kristeva and Jacques Lacan is the starting point for answering this question. A look at the early stages of language acquisition exposes the sacrificial logic of patriarchal society. Are those forces that restrict the individual to be conceived in a martial imagery of castration or is it possible that an existing society critically questions those points of socialization that leave their members in a state of homelessness? The following considerations should help to distinguish between unavoidable and avoidable forms of violence.

The Tegument and Associated Structures of Fasciola Hepatica

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (68) ◽  
pp. 505-512
Author(s):  
L. T. THREADGOLD
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Pinocytotic Vesicles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Internal Level

The cuticle of light microscopy is shown by electron microscopy to be a surface layer of protoplasm which is an extension of areas of nucleated protoplasm lying deep in the parenchyma. The cuticle therefore exists at two levels. The external level is syncytial, consisting of plateaux separated by branching valleys. This level contains apical pinocytotic vesicles, numerous mitochondria, endoplasmic membranes, large basal and other vacuoles, and dense spines. Tube-like evaginations from the base of the external level connect it to the individual areas of flask-shaped protoplasm which compose the internal level. Each of these areas of protoplasm contains a nucleus, great numbers of mitochondria, some vacuoles and diffuse inclusions, and the Golgi bodies. The histochemistry and function of the cuticle is discussed in the light of this new knowledge of cuticular ultrastructure, and a comparison is made between the cuticle of Cestoda and Trematoda.

The Cytology and Histochemistry of the Neurones of Periplaneta americana

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (59) ◽  
pp. 399-405
Author(s):  
DOREEN E. ASHHURST
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies

The only cytoplasmic inclusions visible in the neurones by the light microscope are the lipochondria and mitochondria. It is suggested that the Golgi bodies, seen in preparations made by the Golgi techniques, are produced by the deposition of osmium or silver on the surface of the lipochondria. The lipochondria consist of phospholipids and cerebrosides. There is also some lipid in the cytoplasm, together with carbohydrates, proteins, and RNA.

Memoirs: On the Structure of the Ovary and the Ovarian Ovum of Loris lydekkerianus, Cabr

1927 ◽  
Vol s2-71 (281) ◽  
pp. 57-74
Author(s):  
C.R. NARAYAN RAO
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
Fat Bodies

There is a definite polarity in the ovarian ova as regards the distribution of the fat-bodies in the younger as well as the fully grown examples. It has not been possible to distinguish two types of ova based on the size or distribution of these deutoplasmic inclusions. The deutoplasmic pole is occupied by fat-bodies of uniformly small size, while the periphery and the plastic or nuclear pole are distinguished by the occurrence of small and large varieties of fat-spherules. Nuclear emission takes place very early in the growth of the ovum and initiates the formation of fat-bodies, and in doing so the nucleolus itself increases in size, while in the final stages of its catalytic activities it diminishes before final expulsion into the follicle cells where it is absorbed. The formation of yolk-disks is attributable to the agency of micrometachondria whose general distribution accords with the appearance of yolk and with which they are in intimate relation. Having given rise to the yolk-disks, they disappear from the fully grown ova. The Golgi bodies also initiate the formation of yolk which appears in the archoplasm, and in this process the Golgi rods are noticed to undergo appreciable diminution in size. Later in the development of the ovum the Golgi rods form a close cap on the nuclear membrane, and those which have not participated in the formation of yolk lie scattered in the general cytoplasm. Deep imaginations and their secondary ramifications occur in the ovary throughout the life of the lemur, and fresh ova arise from the germinal layers of these invaginations as well as the interstitial cells. The nuclear changes involved in the production of fresh ova are in accord with the observations already published by the other authors who have studied these changes in the rabbit, and the only point worth recording is that the diplotenic stage is less clearly marked and the dictyate stage is speeded up in the lemur.

The Capacity to Be Alone

2016 ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Winnicott
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Mother Figure ◽  
Protective Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Frequent Reference

Winnicott discusses what makes it possible for the human being to develop a capacity to be alone. He states that, at first, for the infant, there is no experience of its own body as separate from the environment (the mother). But gradually the individual takes in the ego-supportive mother and becomes able to be alone without frequent reference to the mother or mother symbol. To arrive at what Winnicott calls the stage of ‘I am’ in the self, is only possible because of a protective environment from the very early stages onwards, when the mother is preoccupied with the infant and orientated to his ego requirements through her identification with him and his needs. In time the individual becomes able to forgo the actual presence of a mother or mother-figure.

Cytoplasmic inclusions in canine cells infected with infectious canine laryngotracheitis (ICL) adenovirus

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1421-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Shahrabadi ◽  
T. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Nuclear Inclusions ◽  
Penton Base ◽  
Madin Darby Canine Kidney ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Darby Canine Kidney ◽  
Canine Kidney

Spherical dark inclusions were observed in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of infectious canine laryngotracheitis (ICL) adenovirus infected MDCK (Madin–Darby Canine Kidney) cells. The distribution of these inclusions in the cells appeared to indicate that they were formed in both the cytoplasm and in the nucleus at about the same time and there did not appear to be movement of these inclusions between the cytoplasm and the nucleus during the early stages of infection.Morphological appearance, 3H-leucine autoradiography, and immunoferritin labelling showed that the cytoplasmic inclusions were similar in nature to the dark nuclear inclusions, and contained the adenovirus hexon antigen, but not the penton base and fiber antigens.

Changes in microbial biomass C, extractable C and available N during the early stages of decomposition of residue mixtures

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andong Shi ◽  
Petra Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Available N ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Individual

Decomposition of mixed residues is common in many ecosystems, with residues from different species or above- and below-ground residues from the same species. Although decomposition of litter mixtures has been extensively studied, little is known about the changes in microbial biomass carbon (C) and available nitrogen (N) in the early stages of decomposition of mixtures of shoots and roots. An incubation experiment was carried out in a sandy clay loam with shoot and root residues of two grasses, annual barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and perennial Stipa sp., added separately or as mixtures. Soil respiration was measured continuously, and soil microbial biomass C, extractable C and available N were measured by destructive sampling on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18. Cumulative respiration and microbial biomass C concentration were higher with barley shoots alone or in mixtures than with Stipa residues alone. In the mixture of Stipa shoots and roots, which had similar decomposition rates when incubated individually, the measured cumulative respiration was greater than the expected value (average of the cumulative respiration of the individual residues), but this did not result in greater microbial biomass or changes in available N concentration compared with the individual residues. Cumulative respiration of barley shoots alone was higher than of barley root and Stipa shoot incubated individually. In the mixtures of barley shoots with barley roots or Stipa shoots, the measured cumulative respiration was either lower than the expected value or similar. Compared with barley shoots alone, microbial biomass C concentrations in the mixtures were generally lower in the first 3 days. It is concluded that mixing of residues with similar decomposition rates can stimulate microbial activity (respiration) but has little effect on microbial growth or concentrations of available N. Further, our findings provide information about extractable C and N dynamics during the early stages of decomposition of individual residue and residue mixtures.

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