THE CONCEPTS OF IMAGINATION, FANTASIES, DREAMS, AND HALLUCINATIONS IN MENTALLY HEALTHY PEOPLE

Imagination, fantasies, dreams, and hallucinations are contiguous mental processes that reflect various forms of image processing at the internal level. The ability to maintain boundaries between them, reflecting as they do either external or profoundly internal, subjective reality (reality testing), is considered to be one of the most widely accepted criteria of mental health. Nevertheless, traditionally these processes have been investigated independently by different authors adopting different approaches, and there is a discernible lack of studies dedicated to the comparative analysis of these phenomena, both in their theoretical and empirical aspects. At the same time, such data could be used to develop diagnostic methods of investigating mental processes in normal conditions as well as in cases of mental disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate people's common ideas about imagination, fantasies, dreams and hallucinations, as well as the subjective experience of them in comparison with each other. The study's group of participants consisted of 45 nominally mentally healthy people (32 women and 13 men) aged between 17 and 29 years old. The following methods were used during the study: a semistructured interview aimed at studying the respondents' ideas about imagination, fantasy, dreams and hallucinations, and visual drawings of the forms, which these processes took. According to the results of the study, in the case of 15% of the respondents, their ideas about imagination, fantasies, dreams and hallucinations differed from their scientific definitions. The drawings of the images of imagination, fantasies, dreams and hallucinations varied in terms of emotional experience. The more the mental process is voluntary and subjectively controlled, the more these images are associated with positive emotions. In particular, images of imagination are mainly associated with a positive emotional charge, images of fantasy more often evoke positive emotions, but also ambivalent experiences, and drawings of the images of dreams and hallucinations are most often associated with negative emotions.

Sensors in Cyber-Physical Systems Based on Android Operating System

The cyber-physical systems take the major part of any system that help users to interact with environment processes. Cyber-physical systems are intelligent systems, which include networks of physical and computing components that interact on internal level. The basis for the development of various models of cyber-physical systems are the using of measuring instruments and their software. Measuring instruments are necessary to control technological parameters processes and the environment. The purpose was to investigate the features of interaction with sensors, to identify the most useful of them in use, to classify types and describe their capabilities for future use in developing of cyber-physical systems. The relevance of the choice of this topic is that mobile and cyber-physical systems occupy a significant place in modern life. The systems that help the user to simplify daily tasks are of maximum benefit. These tasks can be attributed to the tasks of the environment as they exist and are performed in it. Especially cyber-physical systems that interact with the environment have the ability to solve such problems. Sensors act as a tool of interaction, the so-called bridge between the environment and the program. Sensors collect and provide information for further processing and use in solving problems.

“Harvest” by Denis Tretyakov: modeling the image of the world through historical, metaphysical and receptive transcendence

The author turns to the synthetic (intermediate) analysis of the musical composition Harvest by Denis Tretyakov. Two interpretative and semantic layers of the song text are identified and analyzed. The socio-historical (external) level of the text is realized through a decipherable event-plot code. The second (internal) level of the text is much more implicit, since it correlates with its metaphysical semiotic component. It is here that the key to an adequate interpretation is hidden. The song Harvest is connected with the ode To Joy (Beethoven / Schiller) both musically / melodically and textually. Moreover, the correlation of different levels can be traced with individual texts of other authors, in turn, conceptually correlated with this work. These are primarily Gnostic apocrypha (The Apocrypha of Johan, The Walk of the Virgin in Torment), the involvement of which serves to a certain extent the correct analysis of the central image (Misha Gorlikov). He can be identified with both Michael the archangel and the fallen angel Samael, which allows us to speak about the ambivalence not only of the image itself, but also of the picture unfolded in the text, represented as a universal model of the world. There are at least two ways of receiving the ode To Joy by Denis Tretyakov: embodying the original idea and rethinking it. Both solutions receive voluminous, multi-valued implementations, although it is the second way (reinterpretation) that is obviously semantically representative and dynamic. Thanks to the original explication of the musical and verbal sides of the composition, a new author's concept is born, a new own text, at the same time understood as a kind of gesture of art / anti-art.

Evaluation of Budgeting Policy of the Ministry of Industry in Order to Improve the Performance of the Small and Medium Industrial Sector

Reform in the field of budgeting is characterized by a paradigm shift in the field of budgeting planning set out in law No. 17 of 2003 which is indicated by 3 (three) approaches, namely the implementation of integrated budgeting, the implementation of medium-term spending frameworks and the implementation of performance-based budgeting. But there are some problems encountered such as there are revisions to activities in the current budget year, performance-based budgets are so detailed in the planning stage but when accountability becomes administrative, the pattern of budget absorption that accumulates at the end of the year and the distribution of budgets that are not appropriate are part of the obstacles in improving the industrial sector. This research has the aim (1) of evaluating the suitability of budgeting of the Ministry of Industry with a budgeting approach; (2) Analyze spending activities at the Ministry of Industry that significantly affect the SMEs sector. The results showed that all the principles and components that make up the concept of integrated budgeting, performance-based budgeting and medium-term spending framework have basically been implemented by the Ministry of Industry in the preparation of work plans and budgets. The results of the double linear regression analysis showed that the realization of the Ministry of Industry's spending on HR development spending and technology spending significantly negatively affected the productivity shown performance in the SMEs sector. Managerial implications that can be given, namely the need for increased awareness and high commitment from all ranks in the Ministry of Industry in the implementation of performance-based budgeting systems through the provision of rewards and punishments at the internal level of the Ministry of SMEs. Keywords: Budget, Ministry of Industry, Multiple Linear Regression, Small and Medium Industries.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visit to Sri Lanka and its impacts on Indo-Sri Lankan relations

In Globe, no nation is not an isolate it depends upon one another to fulfill their needs as a result of these multilateral relations build-up. Such a strong relationship we need to maintain means we need strong leadership. Such strong leaders are there before and after independence also. The several party leaders and their alliances are formed and implement the policies for the development of India at the Internal level as well as external level. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Government’s was formed under two prominent leaders known as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Narendra Modi. After Vajpayee, the NDA Government under the leadership of Narendra Modi realized the importance of foreign policy and maintaining a good relationship. Sri Lanka is also one of the closest neighboring country; Prime Minister Narendra Modi from 2014 to 2019 he officially visited Sri Lanka at three times within these three visits he used to make several new initiatives in many fields.

How the Iranian Regime Survived: Examining Internal and External Strategies

Following the Trump Administration’s decision to withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018 and the reimposition of economic sanctions, Iran witnessed public unrest that threatened the survival of the regime. Throughout its history, the Iranian regime has deployed various intricate internal and external strategies that have worked separately at times, and overlapped at others, to secure the regime against threats and guarantee its survivability. It is important to discover the strategies the Iranian regime has followed to survive the stifling crises it has faced since its establishment in 1979, in order to evaluate whether it will be able to survive its chronic economic crises. While the regime has purposely supported the Palestinian cause, strengthened its relations with non-state actors, and engaged in religious discourses on an external level, it has also achieved militarization and securitization, populated unelected governmental institutions with personnel loyal to its clerical and military institutions rather than qualified persons and pursued legitimacy renewal on an internal level.

International environmental law and its legal implication

The objective of the work is to offer a reflection of the place that international environmental law occupies as and its influence so that, at the internal level of the countries, binding norms are adopted, in the interest of environmental protection. The relevance of environmental law consists of the need to achieve regulatory solutions, to the pressure to which environmental systems are subjected. It is necessary to regulate the behaviors that imply consequences on the environment, to be managed through the law as legal norms that ensure respect for nature and achieve sustainable development. The analysis is carried out in a temporary context of 30 years, since the branch of law emerged on an international scale, with the constitutional movement in some Latin American countries and especially in Ecuador. For this, the comparative legal method was applied and the Desk Research method of investigation was used for the bibliographic review. The influence of international norms for the current development of Ecuadorian environmental law is exposed.

Theoretical and practical aspects relating to occupational accidents aboard ships

This study analyses the theoretical and practical aspects relating to a special category of occupational accidents, more precisely the occupational accidents aboard ships. The International Labour Organization (I.L.O.), while aware of the importance of this topic, has issued the Maritime Labour Convection (MLC 2006) – ratified by Romania through the Law no. 214/2015 - ensuring the legal framework for maritime personnel by taking into account the special labour conditions thereof. On the internal level, a series of regulations in the Romanian law provide a legal framework in this matter. Among these, we may mention the Guide of March 19, 2018 for the safe management and health protection of seafarers aboard the ships flying the Romanian flag, a document bringing important regulations in this field. In this study we will also present the jurisprudential issues regarding the occupational accidents aboard ships which, together with the theoretical approach, will lead conclusions relating to the relevant regulations in the internal law.

The Cognitive Aspect of English Polysemantic Adjectives

This paper presents an analysis of the deep language factors that predetermine polysemy of English adjectives denoting moral and mental qualities of human beings. In line with a well-established point of view in cognitive linguistics, this study treats the semantics of a word as a two-level phenomenon possessing the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (internal) level. Given polysemy belongs to the external level, this study aims to reveal the internal language factor allowing for umbrella adjectives to develop meanings of moral and mental qualities. This is the first research that has analyzed English adjectives from this perspective; it is proposed to unearth the deep language foundation of polysemy by modeling the conceptual foundation of polysemantic adjectives, which is undertaken via analysis of their etymological data. The choice of the adjectives encoding moral and mental qualities is substantiated by the following reasons: first, these words name the major human characteristics, whose recognition and verbalization can be traced back to the Pre-Old English period; second, they denote abstract qualities unperceivable by senses but estimated due to their indirect manifestation in individuals’ judgments, conduct and activity; third, since these adjectives convey evaluation of the quality, they reflect cultural axiological standards. The findings show that the semantics of the English adjectives in question is governed by a certain set of conceptual metaphors. The commonality of the adjectives’ conceptual basis seems to be the internal language factor that accounts for polysemy, i.e. an ability for an adjective to comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrate that the unearthed concepts form oppositions, namely, LIFE - DEATH, MOTION - STILLNESS, FRIEND - FOE. The opposed concepts are endowed with the positive or negative value that appears to determine the evaluative meaning of the adjectives. Besides, the research has shown that, while participating in the formation of adjectival semantics, the concepts can demonstrate ambiguous value, which enables a concept to underlie both the positive and negative evaluative meanings of an adjective; therefore, an adjective may comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics that are opposite in their evaluation.

Psycholinguistic Determinants of Meaning Formation in Students with Different Levels of Self-Disclosure

The authors consider a meaning essay as a semantic technique, not only as convenient for any learning format (distance, full-time, mixed), but also as effective, capable of initiating the formation of students' meaning and launching a mechanism for comprehending the subject content at a deep, internal level. The formulation of an essay during the lesson at any of its stages, as well as as homework, is, according to the authors, a kind of «meaning task.» Delivered by the teacher or formulated by the students themselves at any level of learning, it is capable of activating the semantic sphere, launching the mechanism of «interest», comprehension. The authors conducted an empirical study using interdisciplinary methods of pedagogy and psychology: S. Jurard's self-disclosure questionnaire (modified version), psycholinguistic analysis of essays, content analysis of essay texts, statistical analysis - Student's t-test. technologies for the development of the semantic sphere of adolescents. The sample consisted of adolescents 12-15 years old (girls and boys) of secondary schools in Rostov-on-Don and the Moscow region. The novelty of this research lies in the use of the method of psycholinguistic analysis of meaning essays to assess the semantic sphere of adolescents.