Adaptation of certain Histological Techniques for in situ Demonstration of the Neuro-endocrine system of insects and other animals

1964 ◽  
Vol s3-105 (72) ◽  
pp. 455-466
Author(s):  
G. S. DOGRA ◽  
B. K. TANDAN
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine System ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Neurosecretory Material ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Histological Procedure

Three techniques for staining the secretory neurones in sections were applied directly to the whole brain and/or intact organs of the neuro-endocrine system of certain insects, and the whole brain of various invertebrates and vertebrates. After minor changes in the original procedures, in situ staining was achieved in those components of the neuro-endocrine system that are known to contain the neuro-secretory material. With the Victoria blue staining technique, the secretory neurones, the neurosecretory pathway, and the storage-and-release organ were stained satisfactorily in all the experimental animals, in such a way that observations could be made in whole mounts or suitably dissected portions of the bulk-stained preparations. With the aldehyde-fuchsin and aldehyde-thionin staining techniques, the somata and the proximal portion of the axon of the neurones and the storage-and-release organ were usually stained satisfactorily enough for purposes of observation in the invertebrate material only. On sectioning the bulk-stained components of the neuroendocrine system and mounting the sections, the sites known to contain the neurosecretory material were revealed promptly. On comparing the information derived from mounts of the bulk-stained preparations with that derived from sections of similar preparations, and also with that derived from routine histological procedure, no difference was detected.

A Comparative Study of the Endocrine System of the Honey Bee Larvae under Normal and Experimental Conditions

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Dogra ◽  
G. M. Ulrich ◽  
H. Rembold
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Neurosecretory Material ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Queen Larvae

Abstract The endocrine system of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) has been studied morphologically through post-embryonic development with several histological techniques. Marked differences in the structure of the neurosecretory complex of queen and worker larvae have been observed during larval stages. In queen larvae, morphogenesis of the neurosecretory cells, their axons and the formation of the chiasma takes place during end of 2nd and beginning of 3rd, in the workers at beginning of 4th larval instar. Stainable neurosecretory material was found in queen larvae at the beginning, in worker larvae at the end of 4th instar. In early larval stages, the corpora allata are more active in the queen. During initial 3 - 5 days of larval development the gland volume is reduced in both castes. After 36 to 48 hours of endocrine retardation, the glands become active again. The same histological effects are found under experimental conditions, where worker larvae of 2nd instar were reared in the incubator on basic food, Royal Jelly and with topically applied juvenile hormone I.

scholarly journals HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDY OF CUTANEOUS FIBROSARCOMA IN DOGS (Canis familiares, Linnaeus, 1758) WITH DIFFERENT STAINING TECHNIQUES

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Trentini Lopes Ribeiro ◽  
Maria Laura Medeiros Assef ◽  
Silvana Maris Círio
Keyword(s):  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Type I ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Mesodermal Origin ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Histopathologic Analysis

Fibrosarcoma is characterized as an invasive nodular tumor of mesodermal origin, with elongated normochromatic nuclei. The histopathologic analysis using specific staining techniques is efficient in detailing the neoplastic architecture and the relations with surrounding tissues. In the present study, the canine skin fibrosarcoma was histologically characterized using Hematoxilin-Eosin stain, Mallory’s Trichrome stain and Shorr’s Trichrome stain as routine staining for conjunctive tissue, Toluidine Blue to highlight the mitosis and Picrosirius-Hematoxilin Trichrome to characterize the collagen type. It was concluded that the Picrosirius stain characterized the existing collagen type as type I and III; the Toluidine Blue staining highlighted the mitoses together with Shorr’s staining, as this one also provided a marking for the conjunctive tissue and the formed bands. The Mallory’s staining technique highlighted the conjunctive tissue and the bands that are spread; the Hematoxilin-Eosin stain highlighted with emphasis the neoplastic cells.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF CYTOTOXICITY AND APOPTOTIC POTENTIAL OF OPHIORRHIZA PECTINATA ARN. – A POTENT ANTICANCER AGENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
PREETHA MOL SN ◽  
JOHN E THOPPIL
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
The Family ◽  
Apoptotic Effect ◽  
Apoptotic Activity ◽  
Chromosome Bridges ◽  
Apoptotic Effects

Objective: Ophiorrhiza pectinata Arn., a notable species belonging to the family Rubiaceae, is reported to be used in traditional and conventional medicines. The present study was aimed at the evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the aqueous extract of O. pectinata. Methods: Cytotoxic potential of the plant extract was analyzed using Allium cepa assay and the apoptotic effect of the plant extract was analyzed using Evan’s blue staining technique. Results: The extract was found to be cytotoxic at all tested concentrations, inducing several clastogenic and non-clastogenic aberrations at all the stages of mitosis. The clastogenic aberrations observed include chromosome coagulation, stickiness, chromosome bridges and fragments, nuclear lesions, and giant cells. Among non-clastogenic aberrations seen, the prominent ones were polyploidy, C-metaphase, stathmo-anaphase, ball metaphase, vagrants, tropokinesis, etc. The mitotic index was found to be decreasing with increase in concentration, whereas the abnormality percentage increased with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract. The in situ visualization of cell death by the Evan’s blue staining method gave a positive relation between the concentration of the extract and its apoptotic activity. Conclusion: As cytotoxicity and apoptosis are bioactivities related to anticancer potential, the study proves that the plant is of high therapeutic efficacy and requires more exploration toward its usefulness in drug discovery.

scholarly journals Follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol alter immune response in osteoarthritic mice in an opposite manner

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 205873842110161
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Belenska-Todorova ◽  
Ralitsa Zhivkova ◽  
Maya Markova ◽  
Nina Ivanovska
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Synovial Cell ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Osteoclast Formation ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Serum Osteocalcin ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Although a number of studies have shown that the occurrence and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) is related to endocrine system dysfunction, there is limited evidence about what roles sex hormones play. The aim of the present study was to examine the capacity of 17β-estradiol (ED) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to alter the differentiation of bone marrow (BM) cells in arthritic mice. The experiments were conducted in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis in mice. Cartilage degradation was observed by safranin and toluidine blue staining. Flow cytometry was used to define different BM and synovial cell populations. The influence of FSH and ED on osteoclastogenesis was studied in BM cultures and on the osteoblastogenesis in primary calvarial cultures. The levels of IL-8, TNF-α, FSH, and osteocalcin were estimated by ELISA. FSH increased cartilage degradation and serum osteocalcin levels, while ED abolished it and lowered serum osteocalcin. FSH elevated the percentage of monocytoid CD14+/RANK+ and B cell CD19+/RANK+ cells in contrast to ED which inhibited the accumulation of these osteogenic populations. Also, ED changed the percentage of CD105+/F4/80+ and CD11c+ cells in the synovium. FSH augmented and ED suppressed macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) + receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast (OC) formation, and this correlated with a respective increase and decrease of IL-8 secretion. FSH did not influence osteoblast (OB) formation while ED enhanced this process in association with changes of TNF-α, IL-8, and osteocalcin production. ED reduced osteoclast generation in bone. The key outcome of the current study is that both hormones influenced BM cell differentiation, with FSH favoring osteoclast formation and ED favoring osteoblast accumulation.

Toward standards in practices and techniques on ootaxonomy in the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4985 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
SANDRA NIEVES-URIBE ◽  
JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS ◽  
ADRIÁN FLORES-GALLARDO
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Graphic Representation ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Scanning Electron

We present a proposal on the standards used on ootaxonomy practices and techniques in the butterfly family Pieridae Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in five stages: 1) getting the specimens, 2) integration into a collection, 3) dissections to recover the exochorion, 4) elaboration of images of it, and 5) the preparation of its description with the necessary diagrams and tabulations. Also, we present the detailed techniques applied in observation and graphic representation, based on the methylene blue staining techniques and those required for the use with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). We compare the result of the standardized techniques with those from macro photography, drawings, and photographs with SEM—all of them found in books with descriptions and images of eggs of the Pieridae. We present a glossary and general aspects of the exochorion in the Pieridae as an Appendix to this article. Standardized techniques show more accurate and extensive character retrieval for systematics. For the scale in which they work, these techniques recovered more information than those present from oviposited eggs, where the exochorionic base is not seen. Also, the descriptions contain detailed data on more structures—which are comparable to each other—than are absent in the references mentioned. We present the recovered characters with the techniques found in the literature as three synthetically supplementary materials.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Storage on the Detection of Proteins, DNA, and mRNA in Tissue Microarray Slides

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1113-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Karlsson ◽  
Mats G. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Tissue Microarrays ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Storage of tissue slides has been claimed to induce dramatically reduced antigen detection particularly for immunohistochemistry (IHC). With tissue microarrays, the necessity to serially cut blocks in order to obtain as much material as possible is obvious. The presumed adverse effect of storage might hamper such an approach. The authors designed an experimental setting consisting of four different storage conditions with storage time of tissue slides of up to 1 year. Detection of proteins, DNA, and mRNA was performed using IHC and in situ hybridization techniques. Slight but significant changes in IHC occurred over time. The most important factor is the primary antibody used: four showed no significant changes, whereas limited decreases in 8 antibodies could be detected by image analysis. Whether the antigen was nuclear or cytoplasmic/membranous did not matter. No major differences between different storage conditions could be shown, but storage at 4C was overall the best procedure. Furthermore, gene copy number aberrations, chromosomal translocations, and the presence of mRNA could be detected on slides stored up to 1 year. In conclusion, in tissues optimally formalin fixed and using modern histological techniques, only minute changes in tissue antigenicity are induced by long-term storage.

Blood flow, blood oxygen tension, oxygen uptake, and oxygen transport in skeletal muscle

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell N. Stainsby ◽  
Arthur B. Otis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Contracting Muscle ◽  
Resting Muscle

The effect of changes in blood flow and of blood oxygen tension on oxygen uptake of the in situ gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle group of the dog was examined. Oxygen uptake by resting muscle was not altered by changes in blood flow or blood oxygen tension except when these parameters were reduced below critical values. When the muscle group was contracting once per second, changes in blood oxygen tension were similarly without effect until a critically low value was reached. Although the contracting muscle used eight times as much oxygen per minute as resting muscle, the critical oxygen tension was lower than that for resting muscle. In an attempt to explain this observation the blood-tissue oxygen tension difference was estimated and used in the Krogh equation to calculate capillary density. The capillary density in contracting muscle was found to be much greater than in resting muscle and was about the same as the capillary density measured by others by histological techniques.

Applications of Dispersion Staining Technique in Image Analysis of Colorless Particles

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 836-837
Author(s):  
Shu-Chun Su
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Conventional Imaging ◽  
Immersion Liquid ◽  
Staining Techniques

particles and their surrounding immersion liquid medium into a color in the When analyzing particle size distribution of colorless, translucent or transparent particles by image analysis, a major challenge is to obtain images of particles that ensure proper object detection, especially if the particles are amorphous or non-crystalline. Conventional imaging techniques, such as brightfield, darkfield, cross-polarized light, etc., might not applicable for these types of materials.Dispersion staining (DS) is a technique that coverts the refractive index (RI) difference between visible range and renders particles optically stained with that particular color. There are two modes of dispersion staining techniques: central stop (CS) and annular Stop (AS). For image analysis, CS is preferred.In the CS mode, the matching wavelength λm, i.e., the wavelength at which the RI of a particle equals that of liquid, is not refracted at the particle/liquid interface and therefore blocked by a 3-4 mm opaque round disk located at the center of the back focal plane of objective lens.

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