scholarly journals ‘Steady’ Swimming Kinematics of Tiger Musky, an Esociform Accelerator, and Rainbow Trout, a Generalist Cruiser

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Phase Relationship ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Drag Coefficients ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Tail Beat

Locomotor kinematics of tiger musky (Esox sp.) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured at ‘steady’ swimming speeds of up to 85 cm s−1. Tail beat frequencies of musky were approximately 2 Hz higher than those of trout at any swimming speed, but tail beat amplitudes were 0.04L (where L is total body length) smaller. The product of these two variables was similar for the two species at any speed. The length of the propulsive wave was independent of speed, and was 0.8L for musky, somewhat smaller than the value for trout, 0.9L. The depth of the caudal fin trailing edge of trout was greater than that of musky, but the greater depth of the posteriorly located median fins of musky also contributed to thrust production. The cosine of the angle of the trailing edge to its beat plane showed the same phase relationship with lateral displacement in both musky and trout. It increased with speed for both species, and values for musky were slightly smaller. Thrust power requirements of musky and trout were similar. Thrust (= drag) coefficients of musky were 1.55 times larger than those for trout: this is roughly as expected on the basis of the larger proportion of the total area of musky located caudally and the higher drag coefficients in this region of the body. Lateral recoil movements of musky were unexpectedly smaller than for trout and were associated with smaller energy wastage from undamped recoil movements. The large recoil expected for the body form of musky was damped to some extent by higher tail beat frequencies, although this entailed some loss in Froude efficiency. Otherwise, no hydrodynamic explanation for the small recoil movements of musky was apparent. It is suggested that the myotomal muscles could be involved in minimizing recoil. The esociform morphology incurs costs in steady swimming, in comparison with generalist cruises, because of reduced sprint speeds for fish of a given length or increased power requirements for fish of a given mass.

Swimming in needlefish (Belonidae): anguilliform locomotion with fins

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (18) ◽  
pp. 2875-2884 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Half Wavelength ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Length Analysis ◽  
Median Fins ◽  
Tail Beat

SUMMARYThe Atlantic needlefish (Strongylura marina) is a unique anguilliform swimmer in that it possesses prominent fins, lives in coastal surface-waters, and can propel itself across the surface of the water to escape predators. In a laboratory flow tank, steadily swimming needlefish perform a speed-dependent suite of behaviors while maintaining at least a half wavelength of undulation on the body at all times. To investigate the effects of discrete fins on anguilliform swimming, I used high-speed video to record body and fin kinematics at swimming speeds ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 Ls-1 (where L is the total body length). Analysis of axial kinematics indicates that needlefish are less efficient anguilliform swimmers than eels, indicated by their lower slip values. Body amplitudes increase with swimming speed, but unlike most fishes, tail-beat amplitude increases linearly and does not plateau at maximal swimming speeds. At 2.0 Ls-1, the propulsive wave shortens and decelerates as it travels posteriorly, owing to the prominence of the median fins in the caudal region of the body. Analyses of fin kinematics show that at 1.0 Ls-1 the dorsal and anal fins are slightly less than 180° out of phase with the body and approximately 225° out of phase with the caudal fin. Needlefish exhibit two gait transitions using their pectoral fins. At 0.25 L s-1, the pectoral fins oscillate but do not produce thrust, at 1.0 L s-1 they are held abducted from the body,forming a positive dihedral that may reduce rolling moments, and above 2.0 L s-1 they remain completely adducted.

Branchial and Renal Acid and Ion Fluxes in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri, at Low Environmental pH

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
C.M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Total Body

Rainbow trout were exposed for 4 days to an environmental pH averaging 4.2, an exposure which resulted in a continuous net branchial influx of acid. The influx provoked a progressive depression in blood pH and [HCO3−], virtually complete by 48 h, and a marked increase in renal acid excretion, also complete by 48 h. The increase in the latter was sufficient to remove, at maximum, about half of the protons entering at the gills; those remaining were buffered in body fluids. The low pH exposure also impaired gill ion regulation as indicated by continuous net branchial losses of Na+, Cl− and K+ and by a progressive decline in plasma Na+ and Cl− levels. Evidence is presented which indicates that there was a significant contribution by the intracellular compartment both to the total body ion losses and to the buffering of the body acid load.

The effect of size on the fast-start performance of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, and a consideration of piscivorous predator-prey interactions

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Prey Escape

The fast-start (acceleration) performance of seven groups of rainbow trout from 9-6 to 38-7 cm total length was measured in response to d.c. electric shock stimuli. Two fast-start kinematic patterns, L- and S-start were observed. In L-starts the body was bent into an L or U shape and a recoil turn normally accompanied acceleration. Free manoeuvre was not possible in L-starts without loss of speed. In S-starts the body was bent into an S-shape and fish accelerated without a recoil turn. The frequency of S-starts increased with size from 0 for the smallest fish to 60–65% for the largest fish. Acceleration turns were common. The radius of smallest turn for both fast-start patterns was proportional to length (L) with an overall radius of 0–17 L. The duration of the primary acceleration stages increased with size from 0–07 s for the group of smallest fish to 0–10 s for the group of largest fish. Acceleration rates were independent of size. The overall mean maximum rate was 3438 cm/s2 and the average value to the end of the primary acceleration movements was 1562 cm/s2. The distance covered and velocity attained after a given time for fish accelerating from rest were independent of size. The results are discussed in the context of interactions between a predator and prey fish following initial approach by the predator. It is concluded that the outcome of an interaction is likely to depend on reaction times of interacting fish responding to manoeuvres initiated by the predator or prey. The prey reaction time results in the performance of the predator exceeding that of the prey at any instant. The predator reaction time and predator error in responses to unpredictable prey manoeuvre are required for prey escape. It is predicted that a predator should strike the prey within 0-1 s if the fish are initially 5–15 cm apart as reported in the literature for predator-prey interactions. These distances would be increased for non-optimal prey escape behaviour and when the prey body was more compressed or depressed than the predator.

Thelastoma gueyei sp. n. (Nematoda: Thelastomatidae) from the Senegal diplopod Archispirostreptus tumuliporus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae)

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Božena Koubková ◽  
Vlastimil Baruš ◽  
Iveta Matějusová ◽  
Iveta Hodová ◽  
Petr Koubek
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Species Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharyngeal Bulb ◽  
Genital Cone ◽  
Tail Spike ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Thelastoma gueyei sp. n., a nematode belonging to the long-tailed species group of the genusThelastoma, is described from the diplopodArchispirostreptus tumuliporus (Spirostreptidae) collected in Niokolo Koba National Park (Senegal, West Africa).Thelastoma gueyei sp. n. is morphologically most similar toT. gipetiti. Females are characterised by: the vulva being situated in the posterior half of the body and near to the anus (V′ = 75-86) with the anterior vulval lip developed into a prominent flap; excretory pore located at the level of the anterior end of the pharyngeal bulb; b′ = 28-38 and tail, expressed as a proportion of L′, = 1.7-2.7. Males have narrow cuticular alae extending from about the middle of the pharynx to the level of the anteriormost pair of copulatory papillae; four pairs of copulatory papillae, two large, subventral, pairs being located adcloacally on the genital cone, a third, much smaller pair on the posterior margin of the genital cone and the last pair being situated at the mid-point of the tail spike; and a tail occupying 10.8-13.2% of the total body length. The distal tip of the spicule is drop-shaped. Morphological characteristics were studied using scanning electron microscopy and a comparison of the long-tailed group of thelastomatids is provided. Nucleic acid sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene was obtained for purposes of DNA barcoding.

The division process of Cryptobia salmositica in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1514-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T. K. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Binary Fission ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Division Process

Cryptobia salmositica was isolated from its vector, Piscicola salmositica, which was collected from spawning salmon. The organisms were first injected into coho salmon and then maintained in rainbow trout. The process of multiplication is described from Giemsa's stained smears. The first stage of division is the production of two new flagella (one long and one short). This is followed by nuclear division which is not completed until kinetoplast division is completed. Body division commences from the posterior end soon after the long flagellum attaches to the body. Following this, the nucleus, the kinetoplast, and the blepharoplast migrate into the newly divided part of the organism. Final body division is completed after the migration of these organelles. Multiplication of C. salmositica is by unequal longitudinal binary fission.

scholarly journals PENGUKURAN PANJANG TUBUH CACING NIPAH PENDEK Namalycastis abiuma (POLYCHAETA: NEREDIDAE) DARI PERAIRAN MANGROVE SUNGAI KAPUAS KALIMANTAN BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Junardi Junardi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakCacing Nipah Pendek Namalycastis abiuma memiliki tubuh yang elastis dan mudah putus sehingga diperlukan pendekatan morfometri tubuh lain untuk menentukan panjang tubuh sesungguhnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan panjang tubuh total cacing nipah pendek dengan menggunakan bobot tubuh, jumlah total segmen berseta, panjang tiga segmen anterior pertama (L3) dan lebar segmen berseta atau setiger ke-10 (S-10). Spesimen yang digunakan dipilih hanya individu yang lengkap dan utuh. Pengukuran dilakukan dibawah mikroskop dengan lensa okular yang dilengkapi dengan mikrometer. Data dianalisis dengan analisis korelasi. Cacing yang digunakan sebanyak 258 individu yang terdiri atas 190 immature, 54 submature dan 14 mature dengan ukuran panjang tubuh rata-rata berturut-turut 108,62±34,80 mm, 172,27±42,78 mm dan 123,14±57,40 mm. Cacing betina ditemukan memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dari jantan. Panjang tubuh N. abiuma dapat diduga dengan bobot tubuh, panjang L3 dan lebar S-10 dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) berturut-turut 0,82, 0,73 dan 0,78. Pendekatan morfometri dapat digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran tubuh N. abiuma.Abstract The short nypa palm worm Namalycastis abiuma has an elastic and fragile body. Therefore, an alternative approach of morphometrical techniques is needed to determine the total body length. This research aimed to estimate the total body length of the short nypa palm worm based on body weight, the total number of segments, the length of the first three anterior segment (L3) and the tenth setiger width (S10). Body measurement was done using stereomicroscope fitted with the micrometer. Correlation analysis was done to describe the relationship between the length of L3 and the width of S10. A total of 258 complete and whole specimens consisted of 190 immature, 54 submature, and 14 mature individuals. The average body length of immature individuals was 108.62±34.80 mm, 172.27±42.78 mm for sub mature individuals, and 123.14±57.40 mm for mature individuals. Based on sexual dimorphism, the female body size is larger than male. The body length of N. abiuma can be estimated by body weight, the length of L3, and the  width of S10, with  correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively. Morphometry approach can be used to determine the body size of N. abiuma. 

scholarly journals Length-weight relationship of European catfish (Silurus glanis L.) fry reared at different stocking densities under controlled conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
V. Krasteva ◽  
M. Yankova
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Silurus Glanis ◽  
Group A ◽  
European Catfish ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Group B

Abstract. The present paper investigates the body length and weight, and the size-weight variations of one-month-old European catfish reared at 4 variants of stocking density: Variant 1 – 5 spec/l; Variant 2 – 10 spec/l; Variant 3 – 15 spec/l and Variant 4 – 28 spec/l. The experiment is carried out at the Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Plovdiv for a period of 16 days, using a production system consisting of tubs with continuous water flow (0.7 l/min). At the end of the experiment, the fish from each variant are sorted in three size-weight groups: A – large, B – medium and C – small. The number of fish in each group is established. From the group of the medium- and small-sized fish, 150 speciments are measured, while from the group of the large specimens, which are the smallest in number, all specimens are measured for the biometric parameters body weight (BW, g) and total body length (TL, cm). The results from the study show small variations in the length and weight of the fish reared at the lowest stocking density (Variant 1). As the density increase, the size-weight differences between the specimens from Group A also increased, while of those from Group B they decrease. The number of the medium-sized fish decrease (p≤0.001) while the number of large specimens (p≤0.01) and small fish increase (p≤0.001).

On the Function of the White Muscles in Teleosts at Intermediate Swimming Speeds

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD C. L. HUDSON
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Electrical Activities ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Increased Activity

1. The swimming performance of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and the electrical activities, recorded extracellularly, of its red and mosaic muscles have been studied at different swimming speeds. 2. A linear relationship was found between the specific velocity (body lengths/sec) and the frequency of tail beating at frequencies up to 5/sec. 3. The red muscles are active at all swimming speeds at which the fish swim by tail oscillations. Discharges from this muscle decrease in duration with frequency up to 3.5-5.0 beats/sec and then increase while the interburst interval decreases linearly with tail-beat frequency. 4. Mosaic muscle becomes active at 3.05-3.60 tail beats/sec and increases slightly with increasing frequency of tail oscillations. Greatly increased activity was recorded in response to struggling and rapid accelerations. 5. The white (mosaic) muscle mass of teleosts is concluded to be involved at intermediate swimming speeds and to be active at the higher range of cruising speeds.

scholarly journals A new xandarellid euarthropod from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, Yunnan Province, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (08) ◽  
pp. 1375-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianguang Hou ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
Robert Sansom ◽  
Derek J. Siveter ◽  
David J. Siveter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Chengjiang Biota ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe euarthropod Luohuilinella deletres sp. nov. is described from rare material from the Chengjiang biota, Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3, of Yunnan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis recovers a xandarellid affinity for L. deletres, representing only the fifth described species of this clade. L. deletres possesses a head shield that is about one-fifth of the total body length and a trunk with 30 tergites, the reduced anterior-most tergite and terminal three tergites lacking pleural elongations. Anteriorly situated notches in the head shield are associated with stalked eyes, in contrast to the more posterior, enclosed eye slits present in Xandarella. Posterior to the antennae there are at least 11 pairs of biramous appendages preserved, including three pairs in the head. The morphology of the midline gut of L. deletres, in which lateral, unbranched diverticula are wider towards the front of the body, is a characteristic also found in various trilobites. The dorsoventrally flattened exoskeleton suggests a benthic or nektobenthic mode of life for L. deletres, as for other trilobitomorphs, and it likely used its well-developed anteriorly positioned eyes for searching out food, either to scavenge or to find prey.

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