CONVERGENCE IN THE FEEDING MECHANICS OF ECOMORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR SPECIES IN THE CENTRARCHIDAE AND CICHLIDAE

1993 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Norton ◽  
E. L. Brainerd
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Bench Mark ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Feeding Mechanics ◽  
Suction Index ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

We examined the hypothesis that fish species with similar ecomorphological patterns, but from different taxonomic groups, would use similar feeding modes. We contrasted the feeding behavior of Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) (Centrarchidae) and Cichla ocellaris (Block and Schneider) (Cichlidae), both large-mouthed piscivores with a locomotor morphology designed for fast acceleration, with Lepomis spp. (Centrarchidae) and Cichlosoma severum (Heckel) (Cichlidae), both small-mouthed predators on benthic invertebrates with a locomotor morphology designed for maneuverability. Pressure profiles in the buccal and opercular cavities were more similar for species that shared ecomorphological patterns than for species that shared phylogenetic histories. For small- mouthed predators, minimum buccal pressures were significantly greater and occurred earlier than the corresponding opercular pressures. For both large-mouthed predators, minimum buccal and opercular pressures were similar in magnitude and in timing. We developed the ram-suction index (RSI) to identify the relative contributions of ram feeding (i.e. predator movement) and of suction feeding (i.e. prey movement) to shortening the predator-prey distance during the strike. The RSI values for small- mouthed predators fell closer to the suction end of the ram-suction continuum than did strikes by the large-mouthed predators. The RSI provides a bench mark for evaluating the hydrodynamic consequences of intraspecific, interspecific and interprey variation in strike mechanics.

scholarly journals Waves affect predator–prey interactions between fish and benthic invertebrates

Oecologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Gabel ◽  
Stefan Stoll ◽  
Philipp Fischer ◽  
Martin T. Pusch ◽  
Xavier-François Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Predator Prey

scholarly journals The role of sensory modalities in producing nonconsumptive effects for a crayfish–bass predator–prey system

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 680-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Clark ◽  
Paul A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Nonconsumptive Effects ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Rusty Crayfish ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Study Support ◽  
The Impact

The impact of nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) in structuring predator–prey interactions and trophic cascades is a prominent area of ecological research. For NCEs to occur, prey need to be able to detect the presence of predators through sensory mechanisms. The investigation of the role of different sensory modalities in predator detection has lagged behind the development of NCE-based theories. This study aimed to determine whether a hierarchy in the reliance upon sensory modalities exists in the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852) = Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852)) for predator detection and if this hierarchy is altered across different sensory environments (flowing and nonflowing environments). Rusty crayfish were exposed to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802)) odor in either a flowing or nonflowing arena where behavior was recorded under different sensory lesions. Linear mixed models were conducted to determine the impact of lesions, flowing environments, and the interactive effects of lesions and flowing environments on the rusty crayfish ability to respond to predatory stimuli. Results from this study support the significance of sensory multimodality in the rusty crayfish for accurately detecting and assessing predatory threats. Results from this study also suggest a hierarchy in the reliance upon sensory modalities in the rusty crayfish that is dependent upon the environment and the location of rusty crayfish within an environment.

Genetic relationships and variation in the Stylosanthes guianensis species complex assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Kazan ◽  
John M. Manners ◽  
Don F. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Genetic variation in the five taxonomic groups of the Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. complex was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs). DNA samples from four plants of each of 45 accessions within the S. guianensis species complex were analyzed using 20 oligonucleotides of random sequence. Little variation was found within each of the 18 accessions (1–7% of total RAPD bands in pairwise comparisons) and none within each of the other 27 accessions. However, higher levels of polymorphisms were observed both within (index of genetic distance = 1 − F = 0.16–0.248) and between (1 − F = 0.254–0.408) the five taxa. This level of differentiation at the DNA level supported an earlier classification of the taxa as distinct species. A phenogram based on band sharing was constructed to show genetic relationships among the taxa studied. This phenogram corroborated the description of relationships based on morphological–agronomic characteristics, seed protein patterns, rhizobial affinities, crossability, and pollen stainability of the hybrids. In this phenogram, the most similar species were S. grandiflora and S. hippocampoides (1 − F = 0.264), with S. acuminata also showing closest similarity to these two species (1 − F = 0.277 and 0.283, respectively). Stylosanthes gracilis accessions showed the closest similarity (1 − F = 0.296) to S. guianensis ssp. guianensis accessions. Lowest similarity values (1 − F = 0.335–0.411) were found between these two species and S. grandiflora, S. acuminata, and S. hippocampoides.Key words: polymerase chain reaction, random amplified polymorphic DNA, Stylosanthes guianensis species complex.

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary feedbacks link prey adaptation to predator performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 20190626 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Fryxell ◽  
Zachary T. Wood ◽  
Rebecca Robinson ◽  
Michael T. Kinnison ◽  
Eric P. Palkovacs
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Gambusia Affinis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Average Body

Eco-evolutionary feedbacks may determine the outcome of predator–prey interactions in nature, but little work has been done to quantify the feedback effect of short-term prey adaptation on predator performance. We tested the effects of prey availability and recent (less than 100 years) prey adaptation on the feeding and growth rate of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), foraging on western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ). Field surveys showed higher densities and larger average body sizes of mosquitofish in recently introduced populations without bass. Over a six-week mesocosm experiment, bass were presented with either a high or low availability of mosquitofish prey from recently established populations either naive or experienced with bass. Naive mosquitofish were larger, less cryptic and more vulnerable to bass predation compared to their experienced counterparts. Bass consumed more naive prey, grew more quickly with naive prey, and grew more quickly per unit biomass of naive prey consumed. The effect of mosquitofish history with the bass on bass growth was similar in magnitude to the effect of mosquitofish availability. In showing that recently derived predation-related prey phenotypes strongly affect predator performance, this study supports the presence of reciprocal predator–prey trait feedbacks in nature.

Morphology and genetics concur that Anoura carishina is a synonym of Anoura latidens (Chiroptera, Glossophaginae)

Mammalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo A. Calderón-Acevedo ◽  
Miguel E. Rodríguez-Posada ◽  
Nathan Muchhala
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Dental Morphology ◽  
The Third ◽  
Triangular Shape ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Anoura Geoffroyi

Abstract Anoura carishina was described based on cranial and dental morphology, but the original analyses did not include Anoura latidens, a similar species of Anoura. We used morphological, morphometric, and genetic analyses to evaluate the taxonomic identity of A. carishina. We performed a principal components analysis to evaluate the correspondence between morphological and taxonomic groups for 260 specimens of large-bodied Anoura (A. carishina, Anoura geoffroyi, A. latidens, and Anoura peruana), and statistically analyzed traits diagnostic for A. latidens, including (1) morphology of the third upper premolar (P4), (2) size of the second (P3) and third (P4) upper premolars, and (3) angle formed by the maxillary toothrows. We find that A. latidens and A. carishina are indistinguishable, and share several characters lacking in A. geoffroyi, including a P4 with triangular shape, an under-developed anterobasal cusp in the P3, a smaller braincase, and a shorter rostrum. Phylogenetic analyses using ultra-conserved elements infer that the holotype and two paratype specimens of A. carishina are paraphyletic and nested within A. latidens, while one paratype diagnosable by morphology as A. geoffroyi nests within A. geoffroyi samples. We demonstrate that A. carishina should be considered a junior synonym of A. latidens, updating the distribution of the latter.

Changes in the Predator–Prey Behavior of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Caused by Cadmium

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Sullivan ◽  
G. J. Atchison ◽  
D. J. Kolar ◽  
A. W. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Key Words Cadmium ◽  
Schooling Behavior ◽  
Prey Vulnerability ◽  
Prey Behavior ◽  
Toxicant Concentration

Increased prey vulnerability was demonstrated for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) undergoing acute (24-h) and subacute (21-d) sublethal cadmium exposure prior to interacting with largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The lowest acute and subacute cadmium concentrations that increased prey vulnerability were 0.375 and 0.025 mg Cd/L, respectively, with the latter well below the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for fathead minnows. Prey exposed to cadmium displayed altered behavior patterns, including abnormal schooling behavior. Key words: cadmium, behavior, predator–prey, bioassay, Micropterus salmoides, Pimephales promelas

A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Fasciolariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4684 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-65
Author(s):  
DIOGO R. COUTO ◽  
LUIZ R. L. R. SIMONE
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Basal Clade ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Tropics

Fasciolariids are buccinoid neogastropods and key predators in the tropics and subtropics, comprising more than 500 species in the subfamilies Fasciolariinae, Fusininae and Peristerniinae. Tulip shells, horse-conchs, spindles, etc., have been grouped into heterogeneous combinations of unrelated species, while several generic names have been used to group conchologically similar species. The latest molecular phylogenetic study conflicts with the current circumscription of many genera, and even more so, with the three currently recognized subfamilies. This work is the first morphological approach to the phylogeny of fasciolariids, using a parsimony analysis in TnT of 53 taxa based on 100 characters. This analysis reveals a monophyletic Fasciolariidae, with the genera Dolicholatirus and Teralatirus representing the most basal clade in the family, followed by three nodes that correspond to a fusinine grade, which includes the genus Pseudolatirus (Peristerniinae). A terminal clade groups the peristerniine genera Peristernia and Fusolatirus, fasciolariines and the remaining peristerniines. Although none of these clades correspond to currently accepted taxonomic groups, the latter two clades are corroborated in the most recent multilocus molecular phylogeny. This study supports the utility of morphological data in the recovery of groups, even in the molecular era. 

scholarly journals Community Assembly Processes as a Mechanistic Explanation of the Predator-Prey Diversity Relationship in Marine Microbes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Hsun Chang ◽  
Jinny Wu Yang ◽  
Ariana Chih-Hsien Liu ◽  
Hsiao-Pei Lu ◽  
Gwo-Ching Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Marine Microbes ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Predator and prey α-diversities are often positively associated; yet, understandings of the underlying mechanisms require manipulative experiments and thus remain unclear. We attempt to address this issue by deciphering how α-diversity of predator and prey influences each other’s community assembly processes, which subsequently determine their α-diversity. The occurrence of assembly processes was indicated by the mean pairwise taxonomic index within a community (αMPTI), assuming assembly processes left traceable imprints on species’ phylogeny. Specifically, αMPTI quantifies deviations of observed phylogenetic distances from that of random, so that it can be used to hint at the occurrence of non-random/deterministic assembly processes. Larger αMPTI of a community implies the occurrence of weaker homogenizing deterministic assembly processes, which suggests that this community might be comprised of less similar species and thus has higher α-diversity. We hypothesize that higher predator and prey α-diversity would be positively associated with each other’s αMPTI, which would then be positively associated with their α-diversity. To test the hypothesis, we calculated Shannon diversity and αMPTI for heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF; predator) and bacteria (prey) communities in the East China Sea (ECS). The HNF Shannon diversity was found to be positively associated with αMPTI of bacteria, which was then positively associated with bacterial Shannon diversity. In contrast, bacterial Shannon diversity did not correlate with HNF’s αMPTI. We argue that top-down control is one of the explanations to the positive α-diversity association among trophic levels in microbes of the ECS.

Running away or running to? Do prey make decisions solely based on the landscape of fear or do they also include stimuli from a landscape of safety?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky N. MacKay ◽  
Tyler C. Wood ◽  
Paul A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Design ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Habitat Utilization ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Landscape Of Fear ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Antipredator Responses ◽  
Two Phases

Predator prey interactions are a key part of ecosystem function, and non-consumptive effects fall under the landscape of fear theory. Under the landscape of fear, the antipredator responses of prey are based on the spatial and temporal distribution of predatory cues in the environment. However, the aversive stimuli (fear) are not the only stimuli prey can utilize when making behavioral decisions. Prey might also be using attractive stimuli that represent safety to guide decision making. Using a novel, orthogonal design, we were able to spatially separate aversive and attractive stimuli to determine if prey are utilizing safety cues to navigate their environment. Crayfish Faxonius rusticus were placed in the center of a behavioral arena. Aversive stimuli of either predatory bass Micropterus salmoides cues or conspecific alarm cues increased along the x-axis of the behavioral arena. Safety cues (shelters) increased along the y-axis by decreasing the number of shelter openings in this direction. Crayfish were allowed two phases to explore the arena: one without the fearful stimuli and one with the stimuli. Linear mixed models were conducted to determine if movement behaviors and habitat utilization were affected by the phase of the trial and the type of aversive stimuli. Crayfish responded more strongly to alarm cues than fear cues, with only alarm cues significantly impacting habitat utilization. When responding to alarm cues, crayfish used safety cues as well as fear cues to relocate themselves within the arena. Based on these results, we argue that crayfish are utilizing a landscape of safety in conjunction with a landscape of fear when navigating their environment.

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