scholarly journals THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO WHOLE-BLOOD ENERGY TURNOVER IN TROUT

1994 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Wang ◽  
O Nielsen ◽  
G Lykkeboe
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Energy Turnover ◽  
Before And After

Previous studies addressing energy turnover in fish blood have ignored the possible influence of white cells. The present investigation quantified the contribution of white and red cells to whole-blood energy turnover in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) before and after adrenergic stimulation. All experiments were carried out on cells kept in their native plasma. White cells were found to have an almost twenty times higher rate of oxygen consumption than red cells. Furthermore, white cells were responsible for essentially all whole-blood lactate production. Our data therefore show that white cells account for almost half of the energy turnover in trout blood. Adrenergic stimulation elicited a significant increase in total as well as ouabain-sensitive (a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor) red cell oxygen consumption. However, the ouabain-sensitive red cell oxygen consumption amounted to approximately 23 % of the total red cell oxygen consumption, regardless of adrenergic stimulation. Therefore, energy-consuming processes other than Na+/K+-ATPase activity are probably involved in the increased red cell oxygen uptake after adrenergic stimulation.

scholarly journals Brief Report: Vitamin B12 and Folate Activity in Normal Human Platelets

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARVEY J. WEISS ◽  
ALAN KELLY ◽  
VICTOR HERBERT
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract The vitamin B12 and folate content of human platelets have been determined. The B12 concentration was sixfold that in red cells and one-sixth that in leukocytes. In normal whole blood, with a platelet count of 300,000 per cu. mm., the B12 activity contributed by platelets would be 6-21 pg. per ml. The contribution of platelets to the folate activity of normal whole blood averaged 0.4-1.7 ng. per ml. The folate activity in platelets was one-fifth that in an equal volume of red cells, but unlike red cell folate, was not increased by incubating platelet extracts with plasma.

scholarly journals THE PATHOGENESIS OF ANEMIA IN ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. ESTIMATIONS OF BLOOD PRODUCTION AND BLOOD DESTRUCTION IN A CASE RECEIVING MASSIVE TRANSFUSIONS

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES P. EMERSON
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Acute Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Normal Donor ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Volume Measurements

Abstract 1. A 27 year old patient with an initial episode of acute glomerulonephritis was observed over a fifty day period, studies being directed primarily in an attempt to define the mechanisms responsible for a rapidly developing anemia. Hematologic data, including serial blood volume measurements and selective agglutination counts were obtained before and after the introduction of massive transfusion therapy. 2. The administration of group-O whole blood containing incompatible anti-A isoagglutinins in the first series of transfusions failed to improve the anemia but initiated a sustained reticulocyte response. Following this therapy there was evidence of increased blood destruction involving both the recipient’s and the normal donor erythrocytes. 3. Data obtained following a second series of transfusions employing plasma-free group-O red cells, administered during a recovery phase when renal function had improved, indicated that blood destruction had largely abated and that hemopoietic activity was normal. 4. Two factors of undetermined origin are believed to have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anemia in this case: one, the occurrence of abnormally rapid blood destruction, and the other, impairment of blood formation. Both phenomena were associated with the presence of nitrogen retention, despite which, however, a prompt erythropoietic response followed the transfusion of whole blood with quantitative replacement of patient’s red cells with donor erythrocytes, suggesting that previous bone marrow inactivity was not attributable to "toxic suppression."

Synthesis of Artificial Models of Sickle Red Cells

1987 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick D. Macgregor ◽  
Noel Taylor ◽  
Bertram Lubin ◽  
C. Anthony Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Synthetic Cells

AbstractThe primary role of a red cell substitute is to deliver oxygen to cells eitherin vivo or in vitro. It seems reasonable to mimic evolution, which solved the problem of oxygen delivery in many species by encapsulating oxygen carrying proteins in cell-sized delivery systems. We have successfully synthesized and tested an artificial red cell (Neohemocytes: see Science 230, 1165, 1985). How many properties or functions of red cells can one mimic synthetically? Can these synthetic cells serve as useful models? Here we report the first successful synthesis of an artificial model sickle cell. No reproducible, model cell system was previously available for research. A procedure identical to that used to prepare normal neohemocytes (NHC) was employed using sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The starting material was O2or CO liganded HbS at a concentration of approximately 15g% in a 30 mOsm phosphate buffer; this solution was kept ultrahypotonic until the final stage of the process. The lipid bilayer membrane was formed during a prolonged adjustment of the osmolality to 300 mOsm. The final step was removal of unencapsulated HbS. Sickle NHC were examined in parallel with normal (HbA containing) NHC by scanning and thin section electron microscopy before and after deoxygenation. These synthetic cells do sickle! Some look remarkably like red blood cells, only much smaller. Our data suggests that polymerization of the HbS within sickle NHC may be initiated by a different mechanism than the polymerization of purified solutions of HbS. The typical lipid bilayer seen in HbA containing NBC was essentially absent in the sickle NHC: similar results have been reported for irreversibly sickled red cells. Sickle NHC thus have remarkable potential to function as model sickle cells.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism in trout red cells: consequences of adrenergic stimulation in vivo and in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ferguson ◽  
B. L. Tufts ◽  
R. G. Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
The Face

beta-Adrenergic stimulation of salmonid red cells results in a rapid decrease (within 5 min) in the nucleotide triphosphate:haemoglobin ratio (NTP:Hb), which is thereafter maintained at a constant level, presumably through increased ATP turnover via matched aerobic metabolism and energy-consuming processes. Addition of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol to rainbow trout red cells in vitro leads to a rise in intracellular pH (pHi), a corresponding decrease in extracellular pH (pHe) and an increase in red cell oxygen consumption (MO2). Moreover, the extent to which red cell pHi is maintained constant in the face of an acute extracellular acidosis in vitro or in vivo is proportional to the adrenergically stimulated increase in red cell MO2. In the absence of oxygen, these red cells remain capable of pH regulation, but cannot maintain NTP:Hb constant. As a result, membrane and metabolic functions become uncoupled in the stimulated deoxygenated cells.

scholarly journals Distribution of Flow and Plasma Skimming In Isolated Perfused Gills of Three Teleosts

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
K. R. OLSON
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Arteriovenous Anastomoses ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Plasma Skimming ◽  
Efferent Pathway ◽  
Distribution Of Flow

Distribution of flow and red cells between the efferent (epibranchial) and venous pathways was examined with an isolated perfused gill adapted to collect the two effluents separately. Gills from two fish species (Ictalurids) with abundant prelamellar arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) were compared with those of the trout which contain few AVAs. The gills were perfused with Ringer or Ringer containing 51Cr-tagged red cells (blood). In Ringer-perfused gills, efferent outflow decreased as efferent pressure increased. Epinephrine prevented the decrease in efferent flow at elevated efferent pressures. In all species around one-third of the control blood perfusing the gill drained via the venous pathway. At constant efferent pressure epinephrine increased and acetylcholine decreased efferent outflow. These results suggest that tonic adrenergic stimulation is necessary for normal branchial perfusion. The haematocrit of efferent effluent was greater than venous effluent in all species. No consistent effects of epinephrine or acetylcholine on plasma skimming were observed. Comparison of measured microhaematocrit and haematocrit values calculated from 51Cr red cell space suggests that the red cells in the venous effluent are larger than those from the efferent pathway and supports the concept of a nutritive function for the venous pathway.

THE EFFECT OF STASIS OF BLOOD IN VARICOSE VEINS ON ERYTHROCYTE FRAGILITY, WITH ACCOMPANYING STUDIES COMPARING RED CELLS AND OTHER BLOOD ELEMENTS WITH CUBITAL VEIN BLOOD

Blood ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
STACY R. METTIER ◽  
JOHN C. WEAVER ◽  
ALICE F. MCBRIDE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Varicose Vein ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Mild Degree ◽  
Blood Elements

Abstract 1. Blood from varicose veins was compared with cubital vein blood in 20 patients in order to determine whether or not the degree of stasis present in varicose veins would increase red cell fragility. Corollary studies consisted of comparative determinations of red cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, platelets and serum proteins. 2. There was no increase in red cell fragility in the varicose vein specimen, indicating that the theory that minor degrees of intravascular erythrostasis contribute substantially to some of the hemolytic anemias is untenable. 3. There was a small but statistically significant elevation in red cells per cu. mm. in varicose vein blood as compared with blood from cubital veins. There was a suggestive, but not significant, increase in packed cell volume and serum protein in the varicose vein samples. The evidence indicates a mild degree of hemoconcentration. 4. White cells, platelets and hemoglobin determinations were found to have the same values in varicose vein blood as in blood from the cubital vein.

scholarly journals The Effect of Enhanced Fibrinolytic Activity on the Red Cell Membrane Transport

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.B. Ulutin ◽  
N. B. Emekli ◽  
T. U. Yardimici
Keyword(s):  
Active Transport ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Fibrinolytic System ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Before And After

In dogs and in human subjects, using hepatic vein catheterization before and after the activation of the fibrinolytic system, the blood samples were obtained and the red cell amino acid transport was investigated. The time course accumulation of radioactive histidine in isolated red cells was followed together with the measurements of the fibrinolytic activity.A decrease in the active transport of histidine was observed in the red cells after the stimulation of the fibrinolytic system. Also a correlation between the decrease of active transport and the increase of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products was seen.

Reduction of Prion Infectivity in Packed Red Cells by Separation of Whole Blood and Washing of the Red Cell Fraction.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2890-2890
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Morales ◽  
Kimberley A. Buytaert-Hoefen ◽  
Eric T. Hansen ◽  
Dennis Hlavinka ◽  
Raymond Goodrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Fraction ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
New Variant

Abstract Although prion diseases are rare in humans, the established link between a new variant form of CJD (vCJD) and the consumption of cattle meat contaminated by BSE have raised concerns about a possible outbreak of a large epidemic in the human population. Over the past few years, BSE has become a significant health concern in several countries, and it now seems apparent that vCJD can also be iatrogenically transmitted from human to human by blood transfusion. Exacerbating this state of affairs is the lack of a reliable test to identify individuals incubating the disease during the long and silent period from the onset of infection to the appearance of clinical symptoms. The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of separation of whole blood and washing of the red cell fraction for the removal of infectious scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) from red blood cell (RBC) suspensions. Samples of human, whole blood were spiked with 5 × 106 LD50 263K PrPSc. Analysis of the treated sample supernatants by Western blot revealed that approximately >88% of the PrPSc was removed with the initial plasma expression and the equivalent of 6% was detected in a saline wash (300 mL; 0.9% saline). The final sample of RBCs revealed no detectable levels of PrPSc by Western blots. Further analysis of the treated RBCs using the PMCA assay indicated detectable amounts of PrPSc only after 2 consecutive amplification rounds. Semi-quantitative analysis of PMCA amplification enabled us to estimate that the treated RBCs contained less than 1 × 104 LD50 PrPSc. This corresponded to removal levels exceeding ≥99% of spiked material in whole blood. These in vitro estimations were confirmed by in vivo infectivity studies in a hamster model of disease transmission. Results from in vivo studies displayed significant differences in the incubation periods of the spiked blood inoculated hamsters (100.1 ± 1.7) versus washed RBCs (135.8 ± 6.7). Moreover, a substantial difference in the attack rate (6/15: 40% in washed RBC, versus 13/13: 100% in spiked blood) further indicated a substantial removal of infectious prions. Comparison of this data with results of animals inoculated with different dilutions of infectious material, indicated a >99.94% reduction of infectivity. Washed, packed human red cells produced by this procedure were able to be stored in standard additive solutions (AS-3) for 42 days while still meeting all in vitro blood bank standards for acceptable red cell quality. Conclusion This data suggests that separation of plasma coupled with a simple, low volume wash of red cells may represent an efficient method to remove prions from red blood cell fractions, thus reducing possible infectivity of these products.

scholarly journals Metabolic-membrane coupling in red blood cells of trout: the effects of anoxia and adrenergic stimulation

1989 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ferguson ◽  
R. G. Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Stimulation Of

Under oxygenated conditions, in vitro, the highly aerobic red cells of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exhibit tight coupling between energy (i.e. nucleotide triphosphate, NTP)-consuming and NTP-producing metabolic activity, as shown by strict maintenance of red cell NTP:haemoglobin ratios. This coupling is maintained following adrenergic stimulation of oxygenated red cells when the increased NTP demands of ion transporting systems are met by enhanced energy production via aerobic metabolism. In unstimulated anoxic red cells, membrane-metabolic coupling is preserved via the arrest of NTP-consuming processes. Adrenergic stimulation of anoxic red cells, however, leads to a functional uncoupling of membrane metabolism with the result that NTP levels decline rapidly. At this time, cellular [NTP] is negatively correlated with [Na+]i and [Cl-]i and positively correlated with [K+]i. This, in addition to the fact that the pH of the intracellular compartment is also highly dependent on cellular NTP levels, provides evidence for the integration of energy and membrane metabolisms.

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