The interdependence of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in an Emerging economy

This article's main goal is to evaluate the degree of fiscal dominance in Uruguay in 1999-2019 to improve the understanding of economic policy for theoretical reasons and applied needs related to good practices and accountability. Two strategies are followed: one, to quantify the fraction of fiscal expenditures that are financed by monetary liabilities and, the other one, to analyze the effects of fiscal deficit on the price level and inflation because inflationary financing may prevent the central bank from reaching its inflation target. Both situations may subordinate the monetary policy to the fiscal policy, signaling fiscal dominance. In addition, through the analysis performed to assess the degree of fiscal dominance, it is possible to detect the main determining factors of the Uruguayan price level (inflation) formation during the last two decades. So far, preliminary results suggest that inflation is not exclusively a monetary phenomenon and point to some inflationary financing with a mild degree of fiscal dominance.

Studying peculiarities of variability of speech, language and motor processes in children with dysarthria

Introduction. The author investigates the problem of communicative development of children with dysarthria. The purpose of the research is to reveal the characteristic features of the variability of speech and motor processes in children with dysarthria (in particular, with a mild degree of pseudobulbar dysarthria) and to prove the existence of comorbidity levels of the disorders under study. Materials and Methods. The research is based on international and Russian refereed studies into language and speech, movements for organizing the communicative development of children with dysarthria (L. V. Lopatina, O. G. Prikhodko, T. V. Tumanova, T. B. Filicheva, G. V. Chirkina, Michael Robb, Kathleen Wermke). The research program was complemented by the application of an innovative technology based on biofeedback - Pablo System. The experimental study was conducted at preschool educational settings in Moscow (the Russian Federation). The sample consisted of 450 older preschool children with dysarthria (with a mild degree of pseudobulbar dysarthria) and a similar number of peers without speech disorders. Results. The article describes a modern interdisciplinary problem of studying speech and language and movement disorders in children with dysarthria (mild degree of pseudobulbar dysarthria, erased dysarthria, minimal dysarthric disorders) in the context of determining their codependency and conjugation. The study revealed variative characteristics of speech and language disorders and movement disorders in children with dysarthria. General and specific errors of speech and language and motor disorders in preschoolers of the experimental group were determined. The levels of comorbidity of speech-language and motor processes in children with dysarthria have been identified and scientifically substantiated. Conclusions. In conclusion, the author summarizes the main features of the variability of speech, language and motor processes in children with dysarthria.

Brain Tissues Affection After Oral Tramadol: An Experiment Study

Tramadol may lead to the accumulation of toxic components in the body. This study aims to detect the toxic effect of tramadol on brain tissues. The clinical experiment was carried out at the Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital. Ten rats of both sex weighing (180-300 g) were selected from the veterinary house. Brain tissues were immediately removed and put into 10% neutral buffer formalin for fixation, then stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin stain. A significant decrease in the brain weight in rats when given the tramadol in dose 50 mg/ kg. Changes included a mild degree of tissue injury in the cerebral cortex, increase in vacuolar degeneration, with atrophy and degeneration of neurons. There are toxic effects when tramadol describes for a long time on the brain tissues.

TO STUDY THE CPITN INDEX IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS AND CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS OF MILD SEVERITY USING AN ADAPTOGEN-MODIFIED GEL

Актуальность постоянных научных исследований в области пародонтологии обусловлена большой частотой воспалительно-деструктивных заболеваний пародонта среди всех возрастных групп населения во всем мире. Лечение и профилактика данной патологии является одной из наиболее сложных и трудоемких в терапевтической стоматологии. На сегодняшний день существует множество лекарственных препаратов отечественного и зарубежного производства, предназначенных для лечения воспалительных заболеваний пародонта. Чаще всего в их состав входят антисептики, противовоспалительные компоненты, ферментные и витаминные препараты. Нехватка в составе данных лекарственных средств иммунокорригирующих препаратов и адаптогенов, в дальнейшем приводят к развитию частых рецидивов. Отсутствие комплексного подхода к лечению данных заболеваний не только приводит к длительному его течению, но и не редко приводит к хронизации процесса, что явилось предпосылкой для исследования влияния стоматологического геля, модифицированного адаптогеном на ткани пародонта при лечении хронического катарального гингивита и хронического генерализованного пародонтита легкой степени. Изучение научной литературы подтверждает, что применение в медицине адаптогенов, при лечении различных заболеваний, оказывает выраженное противовоспалительное, иммуномодулирующее, вяжущее и седативное действие. Данная статья предусматривает изучение комплексного пародонтального индекса у пациентов при лечении хронического катарального гингивита и хронического генерализованного пародонтита легкой степени тяжести в сравнительном аспекте The relevance of ongoing scientific research in the field of periodontology is due to the high frequency of inflammatory and destructive periodontal diseases among all age groups of the population around the world. Treatment and prevention of this pathology is one of the most difficult and time-consuming in therapeutic dentistry. To date, there are many medicines of domestic and foreign production intended for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Most often, they include antiseptics, anti-inflammatory components, enzyme and vitamin preparations. The lack of immunocorrecting drugs and adaptogens in the composition of these drugs, further lead to the development of frequent relapses. The lack of an integrated approach to the treatment of these diseases not only leads to its prolonged course, but also not infrequently leads to the chronization of the process, which was a prerequisite for studying the effect of a dental gel modified with an adaptogen on periodontal tissues in the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis and chronic generalized periodontitis of mild degree. The study of scientific literature confirms that the use of adaptogens in medicine, in the treatment of various diseases, has a pronounced anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, astringent and sedative effect. This article provides for the study of the complex periodontal index in patients in the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis and chronic generalized periodontitis of mild severity in a comparative aspect

Temporary cardiointerval organization with varying degrees of acute normobaric hypoxia in a healthy person

The influence of acute normobaric hypoxia (ANH) on the male heart chronotropic effects was studied. Thus, a mild degree of ANH (14.5 % O2, 20 min), causing a decrease in blood oxygenation by 6.3 abs. %, accompanied by an initial (by 5 min) decrease in the RR and QT intervals. The average degree of ANH (12.3% O2) leads to a decrease in blood oxygenation by 19.7 abs. %. At the same time, in inverse relationship to the developing hypoxemia, RR and QT significantly decrease. Corrected values (Pc, PQc, QRSc, QTc) increase during the action period of an average degree of hypoxia, indicating an increase in the proportion of atrial contraction time, atrioventricular conduction of excitation and electrical ventricular systole in the total RR duration, which, apparently, provides optimal systolic heart effect. Key words: human, hypoxia, blood oxygenation, cardiointervals.

Upright epiglottis prevents aspiration in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma post-chemoradiation

NPC is the most widely found malignant tumor in the head and neck region in Indonesia. Chemoradiation therapy for NPC can induce swallowing disorders (dysphagia) that adversely affects a patients quality of life. This study aimed to assess the swallowing process by flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after chemoradiation. Thirty-nine patients with NPC who had chemoradiation therapy more than one month previously underwent flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and were assessed for oral transport time, sensation, standing-secretion, pre-swallowing leakage, residue, penetration, aspiration, and silent aspiration. The most common structural abnormalities were an upright and swollen epiglottis (89.4%), poor oral hygiene, and velopharyngeal closure defects (56.4%). This examination also revealed a mild degree of standing secretion (38.5%) and aspiration (10.3%). No penetration was observed in 64.1% of the patients, and no silent aspiration was observed in any of the patients. A severe degree of residue (45.7%) was observed when administering oatmeal, while the residue was mild to moderate when administering gastric rice, crackers, and milk. The residue changed to a mild degree (32.3%–51.4%) in all food administrations after the watering maneuver. The highest penetration was noted after oatmeal administration (42.8%), and the highest aspiration was found after milk administration (8.6%). Standing secretion in almost all patients was caused by hyposensitivity of the hypopharynx. Persistent residue and hyposensitivity of the hypopharynx led to aspiration. The low percentage of aspiration and silent aspiration might have been caused by the upright and swollen epiglottis that prevented aspiration. Poor oral hygiene and a dry mouth led to prolonged oral transport. Therefore, most patients had hypopharyngeal abnormalities in the form of a swollen and upright epiglottis. Secretion and food residue were also detected. Drinking helps to expedite the swallowing process by facilitating oral phase transport and reducing residues.

EVALUATION OF THE DISCOMFORT LEVEL IN THE REMOVAL OF TONGUE COATING

Aim: The main objective of this study was to analyze which tongue cleaning technique to remove the tongue coating causes less discomfort/anxiety to the patient. Methodology: The study selected patients treated at the Clinic of Centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha-FSG between the months of May and October 2018. The patients were randomized so that each one of them went through the three groups, receiving different hygiene instruction techniques language in each group. Three techniques were analyzed: with a multi-bristled toothbrush, with gauze and with a tongue scraper. The degree of anxiety for each method was evaluated through a questionnaire. Results: With the toothbrush, 3.4% of the patients had mild vomiting, 40% moderate and 56.6% strong/strong degree. With gauze, 20% of the participants had a mild degree of anxiety, a moderate degree of 73.3% and a very/strong degree of 6.7%. With the tongue scraper, 53.3% of the sample had a mild degree of anxiety, a moderate degree of 40% and a very/strong degree of 6.7%. All participants reported feeling anxious about all the techniques performed, however the technique that generated the least discomfort was the technique performed with the tongue scraper. Conclusion: Based on the data analysis of this study, the patients presented different degrees of anxiety in face of all the tongue hygiene techniques used, however, the technique that generated the least discomfort was the one that used the tongue scraper as a hygiene instrument.

A patient with chronic pain syndrome

This article describes a clinical case of a patient with chronic pain syndrome on the background of osteoarthritis, with a history of joint replacement. The reason for hospitalization was a fall, after which a constant pain syndrome persisted and a neuropathic component joined, which the patient could not stop with anything.As a result of a comprehensive geriatric assessment, the patient was diagnosed with frailty and the following geriatric syndromes: mild dependence on outside help, chronic pain syndrome, balance disorders, falls, stress urinary incontinence. Non-drug methods of treatment and complex therapy (gabapentin + B vitamins + uridine) and antiosteoporetic therapy were recommended, against which the intensity of the pain syndrome decreased to a mild degree (according to the VAS scale of 2 points at the time of discharge) and a decrease in neuropathy copatterns was noted.

Application of Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items (SAVE-6) to Public Workers for Measuring Their Anxiety Response During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: This study aimed to compare the adaptability of the adapted version of Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) for public workers and the SAVE-6 scale and to validate them among public workers who are on the frontline of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.Methods: A total of 300 public workers responded to the anonymous online survey during April 1–12, 2021. Principal component analysis was conducted with varimax rotation to explore the factor structure of this scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to explore construct validity. Spearman correlation analysis of the scale with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was performed to explore the convergent validity. The cut-off score in accordance with the mild degree of generalized anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 score of 5) was defined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Findings: The single-structure model of each scale (the adapted version of SAVE-9 and SAVE-6) was adopted based on the results of the parallel analysis. Because SAVE-6 showed good construct validity, but the adapted version of SAVE-9 did not, we adopted to apply the SAVE-6 scale to assess the anxiety response of public workers in response to the viral epidemic. SAVE-6 showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.817; McDonald's Omega = 0.818) and good convergent validity with GAD-7 (rho = 0.417, p < 0.001) and PHQ-9 (rho = 0.317, p < 0.001) scale scores. The appropriate cut-off score for SAVE-6 was determined to be ≥ 16.Conclusion: The SAVE-6 scale, as compared to the public workers' version of SAVE-9, is a reliable and valid rating scale to assess the work-related stress and anxiety of public workers due to the viral epidemic.

The Relationship of Chest X-Ray in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity in Arifin Achmad General Hospital Riau

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which spreads rapidly throughout the world and causes clinical manifestations in various organs, especially in the lungs. Clinical symptoms arise from asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical symptoms in patients with or without comorbid disease. Chest X-ray examination is one of the modalities in the management of COVID-19 which is cheap and easy to do.Methods: This study was performed by analyzing medical record data of confirmed COVID-19 patients from March to December 2020. This study aimed to examine the relationship between chest X-ray and the degree of disease severity.Results: The results showed that from the examined 542 total samples, the highest number was found in the age group of 40-49 years old (23.6%), women (53%), mild degree of COVID-19 (67.9%), normal chest X-ray (54.6%), predominance on the lower zone of the lung, peripheral and bilateral on abnormal chest X-ray, no comorbid (56.3%), hypertensive in comorbid disease (26.6%). There was a significant relationship between chest X-ray and comorbidity towards COVID-19 severity (p = 0.000).Conclusion:Chest X-ray can determine disease severity, therefore it can be used as the first modality for triage and treatment evaluation in COVID-19 patients.