Peptidergic regulation of chromatophore function in the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 1177-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Loi ◽  
R Saunders ◽  
D Young ◽  
N Tublitz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Close Apposition ◽  
Immunoblot Assay ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Excitatory Transmitter

Color patterning in cephalopod molluscs involves activation of a peripheral chromatophore system that is under neuromuscular control. The complex behavior of individual chromatophores is mediated by a specific set of muscles, the chromatophore muscles, that receive direct innervation from the central nervous system. To date, glutamate is the only excitatory transmitter that has been proposed to act at the chromatophore neuromuscular junction of cephalopods. We present data demonstrating that the chromatophore muscles in the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis are also regulated by the FMRFamide family of neuropeptides. Using an in vitro chromatophore bioassay, it has been determined that several FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are potent excitors of the chromatophore muscles, causing chromatophore expansion. Immunocytochemical analyses of the central nervous system using an FMRFamide antibody revealed the presence of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive cell bodies in the posterior chromatophore lobes, the region of the brain containing the chromatophore motoneurons of the fin and mantle. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was also seen in the periphery, in the nerves around the chromatophores and in close apposition to the muscles in the chromatophore layer of the fin. HPLC analysis of the fin dermis isolated four bioactive peaks that were FMRFamide-immunoreactive when tested on an immunoblot assay. Two of these peaks co-eluted with known FaRPs, FMRFamide and ALSGDAFLRFamide, a decapeptide isolated from squid. Taken together, these data suggest that the FaRPs are likely to be endogenous excitors of the chromatophore muscles in cephalopods.

scholarly journals Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ficiarà ◽  
Shoeb Anwar Ansari ◽  
Monica Argenziano ◽  
Luigi Cangemi ◽  
Chiara Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.

scholarly journals LATENT HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF RABBITS AND MICE

1973 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 740-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Knotts ◽  
M. L. Cook ◽  
J. G. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Brain

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 induces a long-standing latent infection in the central nervous system of mice and rabbits. The infection was extablished in the brain stems of rabbits after corneal inoculation of the virus, and in the spinal cords of mice after rear footpad infection. In these animals, infectious virus could not be recovered by direct isolation from tissues; it was detected only after the tissues were maintained as organ cultures in vitro.

scholarly journals Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Felix Neumaier ◽  
Boris D. Zlatopolskiy ◽  
Bernd Neumaier
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Drug Penetration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.

scholarly journals Brain Targeting of anti-HIV Nucleosides: in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of 6-chloro-2′,3′-dideoxypurine, a Lipophilic Prodrug of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Doshi ◽  
F. D. Boudinot ◽  
J. M. Gallo ◽  
R. F. Schinazi ◽  
C. K. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Brain Targeting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration ◽  
The Brain

Lipophilic 6-halo-2′,3′-dideoxypurine nucleosides may be useful prodrugs for the targeting of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddl) to the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of 6-chloro-2′,3′-dideoxypurine (6-CI-ddP) for the targeting of ddl to the brain. In vitro studies indicated that the adenosine deaminase-mediated biotransformation of 6-CI-ddP to ddl was more rapid in mouse brain homogenate than in mouse serum. The brain distribution of 6-CI-ddP and ddl was assessed in vivo in mice following intravenous and oral administration of the prodrug or parent drug. Brain concentrations of ddl were similar after intravenous administration of 6-CI-ddP or ddl. However, after oral administration of the 6-CI-ddP prodrug, significantly greater concentrations of ddl were seen in the brain compared to those found after oral administration of ddl. The brain:serum AUG ratio (expressed as a percentage) of ddl after intravenous administration of 50 mg kg−1 of the active nucleoside was 3%. Following oral administration of 250 mg kg−1 ddl, low concentrations of ddl were detected in the brain. Brain:serum AUC ratios following intravenous and oral administration of the prodrug 6-CI-ddP were 19–25%. Thus, brain:serum AUC ratios were 6- to 8-fold higher after prodrug administration than those obtained after administration of the parent nucleoside. Oral administration of 6-CI-ddP yielded concentrations of ddl in the brain similar to those obtained following intravenous administration. The results of this study provide further evidence that 6-CI-ddP may be a useful prodrug for delivering ddl to the central nervous system, particularly after oral administration.

Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
VICTOR A. NAJJAR
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

A very timely book whose author is one of Europe's noted biochemists and one of the foremost workers in the field of biochemistry of the brain. The methods he developed for in vitro study of metabolism of the brain, as affected by electrical stimulation, have advanced this aspect of physiology of the brain to a considerable extent. It is comforting, therefore, to know that the author's command of this subject stems to a great extent, from his personal contact and contributions in the field.

Abstract 245: Intravenously Injected Human Apolipoprotein A-I Rapidly Enters the Central Nervous System via the Choroid Plexus in Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Stukas ◽  
Jerome Robert ◽  
Michael Lee ◽  
Iva Kulic ◽  
Nicole DeValle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Apo E ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: Lipoprotein metabolism in the brain is based on particles that resemble high-density lipoproteins (HDL) that use apolipoprotein (apo) E as opposed to apoA-I as their primary protein component. Although apoA-I is not synthesized by astrocytes or microglia, which secrete apoE, it is abundant in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is readily detectable in brain tissue lysates.However, the mechanisms by which plasma apoA-I enters and is metabolized within the central nervous system (CNS) are unknown. Methods and Results: Western blot analysis shows that steady state levels of endogenous apoA-I in CSF and brain are approximately 0.01% and 10-15% of its levels in plasma and liver, respectively. Recombinant, fluorescently tagged, lipid-free human (h) apoA-I injected into the tail vein of wild-type mice localizes to the choroid plexus within 0.5h and accumulates in a saturable, dose-dependent manner in brain. hApoA-I accumulates in the brain for up to 2h, after which it is turned over with a half life of ~133 minutes, 3 times longer than the relatively quick turnover 40-45 minutes found in plasma, liver, and kidney. In vitro, hApoA-I is taken up and actively transported across confluent monolayers of primary human choroid epithelial cells. Conclusions: Following intravenous injection, hApoA-I rapidly and strongly localizes to the choroid plexus, suggesting it gains access to the CNS primarily via the blood CSF barrier. Further, apoA-I found in the CNS of mice is exclusively derived from the circulation as apoA-I mRNA is not detectable in murine brain. These results suggest that apoA-I based HDL may primarily play a role in CSF lipoprotein metabolism in addition to potentially impacting cerebrovasculature health and function from the lumen of the vessel.

scholarly journals Cryptococcal Yeast Cells Invade the Central Nervous System via Transcellular Penetration of the Blood-Brain Barrier

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 4985-4995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun C. Chang ◽  
Monique F. Stins ◽  
Michael J. McCaffery ◽  
Georgina F. Miller ◽  
Dan R. Pare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis develops as a result of hematogenous dissemination of inhaled Cryptococcus neoformans from the lung to the brain. The mechanism(s) by which C. neoformans crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key unresolved issue in cryptococcosis. We used both an in vivo mouse model and an in vitro model of the human BBB to investigate the cryptococcal association with and traversal of the BBB. Exposure of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) to C. neoformans triggered the formation of microvillus-like membrane protrusions within 15 to 30 min. Yeast cells of C. neoformans adhered to and were internalized by the HBMEC, and they crossed the HBMEC monolayers via a transcellular pathway without affecting the monolayer integrity. The histopathology of mouse brains obtained after intravenous injection of C. neoformans showed that the yeast cells either were associated with endothelial cells or escaped from the brain capillary vessels into the neuropil by 3 h. C. neoformans was found in the brain parenchyma away from the vessels by 22 h. Association of C. neoformans with the choroid plexus, however, was not detected during up to 10 days of observation. Our findings indicate that C. neoformans cells invade the central nervous system by transcellular crossing of the endothelium of the BBB.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

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