The ontogeny of ultraviolet sensitivity, cone disappearance and regeneration in the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (7) ◽  
pp. 1161-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Novales Flamarique
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Ultraviolet Sensitivity

This study examines the spectral sensitivity and cone topography of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka throughout its life history with special emphasis on ultraviolet sensitivity. Electrophysiological recordings from the optic nerve show that ultraviolet sensitivity is greatly diminished at the smolt stage but reappears in adult fish weighing about 201 g. Concomitantly, light microscopy observations of the retina show that ultraviolet cones disappear from the dorsal and temporal retina at the smolt stage but reappear at the adult stage. These changes occur for sockeye salmon raised in fresh water or salt water after smoltification. In contrast to this ultraviolet cycle, the other cone mechanisms (short-, middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive) and the rod mechanism remain present throughout ontogeny. The natural appearance and disappearance of ultraviolet cones in salmonid retinas follows surges in blood thyroxine at critical developmental periods. Their presence coincides with times of prominent feeding on zooplankton and/or small fish that may be more visible under ultraviolet light. It is proposed that the primary function of ultraviolet cones in salmonids is to improve prey contrast.

Survival of certain naturally acquired freshwater parasites of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), in hosts held in fresh and sea water, and implications for their use as population tags

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1757-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Bailey ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
G. D. Workman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Life Span ◽  
Natural Tags

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts were captured from the outlet streams of Cultus Lake, British Columbia, in 1985 and 1986, and from Fraser Lake, British Columbia, in 1986. Samples collected in 1985 were reared in salt water. Samples collected from each lake in 1986 were divided equally into two groups: one group was reared in fresh water, the other was maintained in salt water. Initially biweekly, and later monthly, subsamples from each group were examined for seven parasite taxa: Myxidium salvelini, Diplostomulum sp. metacercaria, Phyllodistomum umblae, Eubothrium sp. (immature), Proteocephalus sp. (immature), Neoechinorhynchus salmonis, and Salmincola californiensis. The maximum life-span was greater than the duration of the experiments (32–40 weeks) for all species in hosts reared in fresh water (except for S. californiensis, which was removed from all freshwater hosts). Survival of M. salvelini, P. umblae, and S. californiensis was reduced in hosts reared in sea water. No differences in survival of each of Diplostomulum sp. metacercaria, Eubothrium sp., Proteocephalus sp., and N. salmonis were observed between hosts held in fresh water or salt water. Implications for the use of these parasites as natural tags are discussed.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. W. Duncan ◽  
M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.

Physiological and Growth Differences in Three Stocks of Underyearling Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) on Early Entry into Seawater

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley D. Rice ◽  
Robert E. Thomas ◽  
Adam Moles
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lake Type ◽  
River Type

We compared the impact of exposure to seawater on three sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks: one that normally migrates to sea as underyearlings (sea-type) and two with the more common life history strategies of 1 (river-type) or 2 (lake-type) yr of freshwater residence prior to seaward migration. Innate differences in survival, ability to regulate tissue chlorides, and oxygen consumption when first introduced into salt water were more evident in April and May when fish were less than 50 mm in length. In fish longer than 50 mm, the only significant differences among the stocks were in saltwater growth. Between June and August, sea-type fish showed faster growth than river-type fish which in turn grew faster than lake-type fish. When introduced into salt water in October, virtually no growth occurred in any stock, regardless of fish size. River-type and lake-type sockeye, which normally overwinter 1 and 2 yr, respectively, in freshwater, can be reared in seawater if underyearlings are raised to a length of 50 mm before release into salt water, similar to the normal life history of sea-type underyearlings. Early life history appears to be influenced more by habitat than by genetics.

Eubothrium salvelini (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) Impairs Seawater Adaptation of Migrant Sockeye Salmon Yearlings (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Babine Lake, British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Boyce ◽  
W. Craig Clarke
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Seawater Adaptation ◽  
Test Fish

Migrant sockeye salmon yearlings (Oncorhynchus nerka) were captured at the outlet of Babine Lake, British Columbia, in 1979 and 1980 and transported to the laboratory for evaluation of their seawater adaptability in a 24-h challenge test. Fish infected with the cestode Eubothrium salvelini had a reduced ability to adapt to salt water, as evidenced by greater mortality and elevated plasma sodium levels after challenge. The prevalence of infection was 60% in 1979 and 30% in 1980. In 1979, mortality during challenge was significantly higher among infected than among noninfected fish; the elevation of plasma sodium levels in the infected fish was not statistically significant. In 1980, both infected and noninfected fish had improved seawater adaptability compared with the previous year; infected fish did not suffer significantly higher mortality after challenge but their plasma sodium levels were elevated significantly compared with the noninfected fish. The reduced seawater adaptability of infected fish is likely to reduce their ocean survival considerably.

Movements of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Skeena River Estuary as Revealed by Ultrasonic Tracking

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Groot ◽  
K. Simpson ◽  
I. Todd ◽  
P. D. Murray ◽  
G. A. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Cycle ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Tidal Flows ◽  
Skeena River ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking ◽  
Passive Movements

Movements of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) entering the Skeena River were examined in 1969 and 1970 by ultrasonic tracking methods. Fifteen of 18 sockeye released in the lower river seemed to move passively in and out with flood and ebb streams. Two fish moved upstream independent of tides and one salmon swam against ebb and flood currents. Ground speeds in both years of operation were 1.6 km/h during rising and 2.1 km/h during falling tides, causing the fish to be transported downstream by about 3 km per tidal cycle. Three salmon released outside the river mouth in salt water also seemed to ride the tidal flows passively. Ground speeds during ebb (3.6 km/h) were again greater than during flood (2.0 km/h), indicating a net offshore movement. We conclude that these passive movements are not an artifact but that sockeye salmon normally slow down or pause upon reaching the "home river" and drift for a period in tidal currents in the estuary and river mouth before migrating upstream.

Resumption of Feeding by and Survival of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Following Advanced Gonad Development

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
U. H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
First Time

Adult, migrating, fasting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were held in captivity in fresh water without spawning well beyond the time when they would normally have done so and died. A few of the fish were then gonadectomized and force feeding was begun. A few unoperated fish were fed similarly while the remainder served as unoperated, unfed controls. The gonads of the operated fish were well developed. After a period of feeding of about four months some fish in each group had survived. The fed fish had regained their green color and much of their weight and vigor, while the surviving unfed fish were extremely emaciated and listless. At this time voluntary feeding by the force-fed fish was observed for the first time, and it was then found that the five surviving unfed controls would also take food voluntarily. While two of these fish died without apparent improvement in their condition, the other three gradually regained green color, weight and vigor.

Effect of ACTH and Salmon Gonadotropin on Interrenal and Thyroid Activity of Gonadectomized Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Other Hand

Injection of a chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin preparation into gonadectomized sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) did not result in any increase in the plasma concentration of cortisol or cortisone, nor did it stimulate the activity of the interrenal tissue. On the other hand, injection of mammalian ACTH (Acthar) did result in an increase in the plasma concentration of cortisol and cortisone, and stimulated the interrenal tissue. The salmon gonadotropin preparation, however, elicited an increase in thyroid activity. The results suggest that in the salmon, ovulation is not caused by gonadotropin induced interrenal corticosteroidogenesis.

Blood Lactate Concentrations and Mortality in Sockeye and Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka and O. tshawytscha) After Exercise

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-484
Author(s):  
William D. Gronlund ◽  
Harold O. Hodgins ◽  
Raymond C. Simon ◽  
Douglas D. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Purse Seine ◽  
Delayed Mortality ◽  
Related Mortality

Blood lactate concentrations in 306 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), taken at sea in 1965 and 1966 by purse seine, gillnet, and longline, and in 98 starved or fed immature chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) that had been exercised in a saltwater pond were generally below those reported in the literature as related to stress-induced mortality in salmon. No sockeye salmon held in shipboard tanks for observation died within 2 days after capture, although most of the fish died later. Few fish died among starved or fed immature chinook salmon in salt water within 10 days after capture by hook and line or after being chased to exhaustion; blood lactate concentrations in these fish were generally higher than in sockeye salmon after stress but were still usually below the reported critical level of 125 mg/100 ml.We concluded that neither the adult sockeye nor immature chinook salmon suffered immediate fatigue-related mortality, but the possibility that fatigue could induce delayed mortality was not excluded.

Responses of migrating adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to population-specific odours

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Groot ◽  
T. P Quinn ◽  
T. J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Olfactory Rosette

The ability of homing sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to discriminate between two populations of their own species on the basis of odours was tested in a Y-maze choice apparatus and by electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory rosette. The tests were performed with adult sockeye captured at the entrances to Great Central Lake and Sproat Lake on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. In behaviour experiments, Great Central Lake sockeye salmon were significantly attracted to chemical traces of their own population but no such preference was evident for the Sproat Lake sockeye salmon. The electrophysiological experiments indicated that Sproat Lake sockeye salmon discriminated between water conditioned by their own population from water conditioned by Great Central Lake sockeye. Great Central Lake sockeye salmon failed to show differential responses to the two population waters. The experiments revealed that the olfactory system of migrating adult sockeye salmon was sensitive to amino acids and a bile acid, but that the major active components in water responsible for olfactory stimulation were bile-acid-like components. We conclude that adult sockeye salmon can discriminate between population specific odours, but that differences exist between stocks.

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