Seasonal daily, daytime and night-time field metabolic rates in Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (22) ◽  
pp. 3571-3575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Anava ◽  
Michael Kam ◽  
Amiram Shkolnik ◽  
A. Allan Degen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Influx Rate ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates

SUMMARY Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps; mean adult body mass=72.5 g) inhabit extreme deserts of Israel. Previous studies have shown that their daily field metabolic rates are similar in winter and summer and that there is an increase during the breeding season. We hypothesized that the difference in seasonal daily field metabolic rate would be a consequence of differences in daytime metabolic rate, and that night-time metabolic rate would be similar during the three seasons. We used doubly labelled water to determine daily,daytime and night-time field metabolic and water-influx rates in breeding babblers in spring and nonbreeding babblers in winter and summer. Daily and daytime energy expenditure rates were higher during the breeding season than during either summer or winter, but there was no difference among seasons in night-time energy expenditure rates. Thus, our hypothesis was supported. The daytime field metabolic rates in summer and winter nonbreeding babblers were 3.92× and 4.32× the resting metabolic rate (RMR),respectively, and in breeding babblers was 5.04× RMR, whereas the night-time field metabolic rates ranged between 1.26× RMR and 1.35× RMR in the three seasons. Daily and daytime water-influx rates were highest in winter, intermediate during the breeding season and lowest in summer, but there was no difference among seasons in night-time water-influx rate. Daytime water-influx rate was greater than night-time water-influx rate by 2.5-fold in summer, 3.9-fold in the breeding season and 6.75-fold in winter. Seasonal patterns of daily and daytime energy expenditure were similar, as were seasonal patterns of daily and daytime water influx. Daily and daytime energy expenditure and water-influx rates differed among seasons whereas night-time rates of both did not. Daily and daytime field metabolic rates of babblers were highest during the breeding season, whereas daily and daytime water-influx rates were highest in winter.

Water and Energy Turnover in a Small Monitor Lizard, Varanus-Acanthurus

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Dryden ◽  
B Green ◽  
D King ◽  
J Losos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Energy Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Monitor Lizard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates

The field metabolic rates and water influxes of Varanus acanthurus were determined by means of doubly-labelled water during late spring. The mean metabolic rate was 0.101 +/- 0.032 mL CO2 g-1 h-1, which was equivalent to an energy expenditure of 63 kJ kg-1 day-1 and a fresh food consumption rate of 13.2 g kg-1 day-1. The mean rate of water influx was 15.9 +/- 6.8 mL kg-1 day-1 and it is suggested that up to 30% of water influxes are via pulmo-cutaneous exchange and drinking. It is considered that V. acanthurus is a secretive 'sit and wait' predator and that this accounts for the lower than predicted water influx and metabolic rates of this species.

Field Metabolic Rate, Water Flux, Food Consumption and Time Budget of Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae) in Victoria.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Nagy ◽  
RW Martin
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Influx Rate ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates

Doubly labelled water measurements in free-ranging adult koalas (9.2 kg) indicated that field metabolic rates averaged 0.434 ml CO2 g-�h-� (equivalent to 2090 kJ per animal per day, or 2.59 X basal metabolic rate). Females (7.8 kg) had significantly higher mass-specific metabolic rates than males (10.8 kg). Percentage apparent assimilation of dietary substances was 56% for dry matter, 52% for energy, 32% for nitrogen, and 66% for water. Feeding rates were about 222 g dry food per animal per day (equivalent to 510 g fresh food per animal per day) in both sexes. However, males had a higher water influx rate (475 ml per animal per day) than females (358 ml per animal per day), suggesting either that males selected more succulent food than females, or that males drank rainwater but females did not. Koalas consumed about twice as much dietary nitrogen as they required for maintenance. They maintained constant body masses, and (presumably) had balanced energy, water and nitrogen budgets during our 20-day study, while eating Eucalyptus ovata foliage. Koalas spent about 4.7 h eating, 4 min travelling, 4.8 h resting while awake and 14.5 h sleeping in a 24-h period. Their activity periods were not obviously restricted to periods of daylight or darkness, but were scattered through the 24 hours. In comparison with free-living, three-toed sloths Bradypus variegatus (4.08 kg) in central America, koalas had significantly higher mass-corrected field metabolic rates (391 kJ kg-0.75 day-� for koalas v.209 for sloths), water influx rates (69.9 ml kg-0.80 day-� for koalas v. 49.8 for sloths), and feeding rates (42.7 g dry food kg-0.75 day-� for koalas v. 21.2 for sloths). Unlike sloths, koalas did not bask in the morning sunshine, and one telemetered koala had a relatively constant body temperature over 24 h (c. 36�C), compared with daily variations between 30 and 38�C in sloths. Population food consumption (g dry food consumed ha-� day-�) was greater for koalas (681 v. 378 for sloths), and koalas consumed most of the leaf production of their preferred food species, E. ovata, which resulted in extensive defoliation of these trees. Although there is similarity in the ecological roles of koalas and sloths, their physiology and behaviour differ substantially.

Field Metabolic-Rate, Water Flux, and Food-Requirements of Short-Nosed Bandicoots, Isoodon-Obesulus (Marsupialia, Peramelidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Nagy ◽  
SD Bradshaw ◽  
BT Clay
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates

Field metabolic rates (FMRS) and water influx rates of free-living short-nosed bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) were measured via the doubly labelled water technique. Bandicoots ranging in body mass from 775 to 1825 g (mean = 1230 g) had FMRS averaging 0.908 mL CO2 g-1 h-1, or 644 kJ d-1. This is about 2.7 times predicted basal metabolic rate. Water influx rates during the autumn measurement period were comparatively low, averaging 88.8 mL kg-1 d-1, or 103 mL d-1 for a 1230 g animal. Feeding rate (dry matter intake) was estimated to be 45 g d-1, assuming that the food was half invertebrates and half plant tissues (dry matter basis). Performed and metabolically produced water from the food can completely account for total water intake, indicating that bandicoots did not drink the rainwater or pond water that was available. The study population (estimated density = 0.63 bandicoots ha-1) consumed food at a rate of about 62 g fresh matter ha-1 d-1 (equivalent to 27 g dry matter or 605 kJ ha-1 d-1), which is similar to the food requirements of populations of small eutherian and marsupial insectivores in other habitats.

Field Metabolic Rate and Water Flux of Nectarivorous Honeyeaters

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Weathers ◽  
DC Paton ◽  
RS Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Field Metabolic Rate ◽  
Influx Rate ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Foraging Tactic

Field metabolic rate (FMR) and water influx of New Holland honeyeaters (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), eastern spinebills (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris) and a crescent honeyeater (P. pyrrhoptera) were measured by the doubly labelled water technique. New Holland honeyeaters had just finished breeding and were beginning their summer moult. They ranged in mass from 15.4 to 21.0 g (mean = 17.3 g, n = 12) and had FMRs averaging 8.8 mt CO2 g(-1) h(-1) or 77.6 kJ day(-1), which was 2.8 times their measured basal metabolic rate (BMR). Their water influx rate averaged 10.7 mL day(-1). Eastern spinebills were still feeding young and had yet to begin moulting. They ranged in mass from 8.0 to 10.7 g (mean = 9.7 g, n = 6), had FMRs averaging 10.9 mL CO2 g(-1) h(-1) or 52.9 kJ day(-1) (2.5 times their measured BMR), and had an average water influx rate of 8.7 mL day(-1). FMR and water influx of a single 14.6-g crescent honeyeater, which was in late primary moult, were 75.9 kJ day(-1) (2.7 times measured BMR) and 12.5 mL day(-1). The FMR of New Holland honeyeaters varied inversely with mean standard operative temperature (T-es) calculated for values of T-es below 20 degrees C as follows: FMR (kJ day(-1)) = 134 - 5.47 T-es (n = 12, r(2) = 0.52). Honeyeater FMRs were much lower than would be predicted allometrically for hummingbirds of the same mass, reflecting the honeyeaters' low-cost foraging tactic of consuming nectar while perched.

Field Metabolic-Rate and Food Requirement of a Small Dasyurid Marsupial, Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Nagy ◽  
AK Lee ◽  
RW Martin ◽  
MR Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Sminthopsis Crassicaudata ◽  
Food Requirement ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates ◽  
Free Ranging

Field metabolic rates (FMRs) and rates of water flux in free-ranging fat-tailed dunnarts, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, were measured during spring (late October) using doubly labelled water. Feeding rates were estimated on the basis of water and energy fluxes. FMRs averaged 68.7 kJ d-' in adults (mean body mass= 16.6 g), and were 29.2 kJ d-' in juveniles (6.1 g). These FMRs are 6.6 times basal metabolic rate (BMR), and are much higher than the hypothetical maxima of four to five times BMR. Other dasyurid marsupials also have high FMR/BMR ratios, but so does a small petaurid marsupial. S. crassicaudata consumed 80-90% of its body mass in arthropods each day. The diet of arthropods apparently provided enough water for the animals to maintain water balance without drinking during this study.

Energy and Water Metabolism in Free-Living Greater Gliders, Petauroides-Volans

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Foley ◽  
JC Kehl ◽  
KA Nagy ◽  
IR Kaplan ◽  
AC Borsboom
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates

Water flux and metabolic rate were measured using a low-level, doubly-labelled water technique in eight free-living greater gliders, Petauroides volans which were maintaining constant body masses at about 1 kg in eucalypt forest near Maryborough, Queensland. Mean water influx was 88.0�3.2 mL d-' and mean metabolic rate was 25.1 L C02 d-' or 520 kJ d-'. These arboreal folivores have field metabolic rates and water influx rates that are 96% and 71% respectively of those predicted for a herbivorous marsupial of their body mass. Assuming that faecal energy losses were 43% of gross energy intakes and that urinary energy losses were 15% of digestible energy intakes, the gross energy intake of the animals was about 1130 kJ d-'. Animals would need to eat between 45 and 50 g of dry matter daily to satisfy these energy requirements. Based on these results, a preliminary energy budget for greater gliders has been proposed.

Field Energetics and Water Balance of Sugar Gliders, Petaurus Breviceps (Marsupialia:Petauridae).

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Nagy ◽  
GC Suckling
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates ◽  
Petaurus Breviceps ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Mass Basis

Doubly labelled water measurements in free-ranging sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) weighing 121 g indicated that field metabolic rates (FMRS) averaged 62.5 litres CO2/kg daily, equivalent to 169 kJ per animal daily (3.8 times basal metabolic rate). The females, most of which had small pouch young, weighed significantly less than males (112 g compared with 135 g), but mass-specific FMRS did not differ significantly between sexes. Rates of water influx (mass-specific) also did not differ between sexes, and were 208 ml/kg daily. The diet consisted of about two-thirds acacia gum, one-third mixed arthropods and traces of bark (on a dry mass basis). Apparent assimilation of dietary substances was 88% for DM, 89% for energy, 86% for nitrogen and 61% for water. Gliders consumed 11.2 g DM of food daily. The diet contained 44% water (fresh mass basis), and provided about half of the water gliders obtained. The other half presumably was ingested as rainwater. In comparison with the ecologically similar Leadbeater's possums (129 g), sugar gliders had lower metabolic rates while active outside their nests (17.4 compared with 31.4 kJ/h for the possums), primarily because possums spent energy for activity 2.5 times faster than did sugar gliders. This suggests that gliding affords sugar gliders a considerable energetic saving, but portion of time abroad spent foraging and resting, and distribution, abundance and predictability of food resources may also account for this difference.

Seasonal field energetics and water influx rates of the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley A. Gibson ◽  
Ian D. Hume
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Field Metabolic Rate ◽  
Influx Rate ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Metabolic Strategies

Water and energy requirements of free-living male and female greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) were measured over two summers and two winters on Astrebla Downs National Park in far south-western Queensland, Australia, by means of the doubly labelled water method. Mean water influx rate of the bilby (mean body mass: summer 928 g; winter 848 g) did not differ between summer (63.1 mL day–1) and winter (53.1 mL day–1), but mean field metabolic rate was significantly higher during summer (617.2 kJ day–1) than in winter (480.3 kJ day–1). The comparatively low water influx rate of the bilby (significantly lower than that predicted for a 887-g marsupial: P < 0.001) indicated that bilbies have the ability to conserve water in the wild. In contrast, field metabolic rate of the bilby did not differ significantly from that predicted for a marsupial of its body mass (P = 0.999). Bilbies were able to obtain sufficient food and water to satisfy energy and water requirements in three out of the four study periods. However, they were in negative energy and water balance during one study period, suggesting that they are susceptible to nutrient and water stress. The relatively low body fat stores of bilbies in the wild also indicate that they are vulnerable to periods of low food availability. The metabolic strategies of the bilby are only partly suggestive of adaptation to arid conditions.

Metabolic Rate and Energy Expenditure of the Spiny Dogfish, Squalus acanthias

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
J. M. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Performance Curve ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
General Energy

The metabolic rate of spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, was determined in both a tunnel respirometer and a large, covered, circular tank (mass respirometer). Swimming performance was very poor in the respirometer, so that a power–performance curve could not be established. Instead, resting metabolic rates were determined, with higher rates induced by causing heavy thrashing (active metabolism). Routine metabolic rates were measured for the spontaneous activity characterizing behavior in the circular tank. For fish of 2 kg mean weight, the metabolic rates at 10 °C were 32.4 ± 2.6 SE (resting), 49.2 ± 5.0 SE (routine), and 88.4 ± 4.6 SE (active) mg O2∙kg−1∙h−1. Assuming that the routine rate represents a general energy expenditure in nature, this is equivalent to metabolizing about 3.8 kcal∙kg−1∙d−1 (15.9 × 103 J∙kg−1∙d−1). Key words: dogfish, metabolic rates, energetics, respiration

scholarly journals Social Group Size and Shelter Availability Influence Individual Metabolic Traits in a Social Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Chrétien ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
Steven J Cooke ◽  
Shaun S Killen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Night Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Treatment ◽  
Shelter Availability

Abstract Group living is widespread among animal species and yields both costs and benefits. Presence of conspecifics can restrict or enhance the expression of individual behaviour, and the recent social environment is thought to affect behavioural responses in later contexts, even when individuals are alone. However, little is known about how social group size influences the expression of individual physiological traits, including metabolic rates. There is some evidence that shoaling can reduce fish metabolic rates but this variable may be affected by habitat conditions such as shelter availability via density-dependent processes. We investigated how social group size and shelter availability influence Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus metabolic rates estimated by respirometry. Respirometry trials were conducted on fish in isolation before and after they were housed for three weeks in a social treatment consisting in a specific group size (n = 4 or 8) and shelter availability (presence or absence of plant shelter in the experimental tank). Plant shelter was placed over respirometers for half of the duration of the respirometry trials, allowing estimation of minimum day-time and night-time metabolic rates in both conditions (in the presence or absence of plant shelter). Standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) were also estimated over the entire trial. Minimum day-time and night-time metabolic rates estimated while in presence of plant shelter were lower than when estimated in absence of plant shelter, both before and after individuals were housed in their social treatment. After the social treatment, SMR were higher for fish that were held in groups of four as compared to that of fish held in groups of eight while MMR showed no difference. Plant shelter availability during the social treatments did not influence SMR or MMR. Our results suggest that social group size may directly influence energy demands of individuals, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of group size on variations in physiological traits associated with energy expenditure.

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