scholarly journals Dimorphic cocoons of the robin moth, Hyalophora cecropia, reflect the existence of two distinct architectural syndromes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam F. Parlin ◽  
Patrick A. Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Extended Phenotype ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Hyalophora Cecropia ◽  
Critical Developmental Period

The architectural design of animal structures forms part of an individual's extended phenotype that can be subjected to strong selection pressures. We examined cocoon architectural dimorphism in robin moths (Hyalophora cecropia), which construct multilayered silk-woven cocoons that possess either ‘baggy’ or ‘compact’ morphology. These dimorphic cocoons reflect extended phenotypes that can enable survival during a critical developmental period (pupal stage to adult emergence), with cocoons occurring either sympatrically or as monomorphic groups across different climatic regions in North America. We hypothesized that cocoon dimorphism is related to the cocoon's role as a mediating barrier for moisture. We predicted that the macro- and micro-architectural differences between the cocoon-morphs would be consistent with this function. We compared the cocoon-morphs in their orientation when spun under natural field conditions, examined how these orientations affected cocoon water absorption under simulated rain trials, and performed material surface tests to compare the hydrophobicity of cocoons. We found that compact cocoons had traits that increased water resistance, as they had significantly greater hydrophobicity than baggy cocoons, because they absorbed less water and released water vapor faster. In contrast, the increased water absorptiveness of baggy cocoons can allow for greater moisture retention, a function related to the prevention of desiccation. Our study suggests that cocoon dimorphism in robin moths reflects distinct architectural syndromes, in which cocoons are spun to optimize either water resistance or retention. These different functions are consistent with strategies that act to respond to uncertain external environmental conditions that an individual might encounter during development.

Development-Specific Incorporation of [14C]5-Aminolevulinate and [3H]Leucine into Cytochrome c and Biliprotein in the Butterfly, Pieris brassicae. Correlation with the Ecdysteroid Titer in the Pupa

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 948-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kayser ◽  
Ute Krull-Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Time Course ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Total Soluble Protein

Abstract Incorporation of [14C]5-aminolevulinate and [3H]leucine into cytochrome c, biliprotein and total soluble protein was followed from the last larval instar to the adult stage in Pieris brassicae. The titer of ecdysteroids during the pupal stage was determined with a radioimmunoassay to correlate synthesis of heme products and of protein(s) with adult differentiation. Incorporation of both precursors showed a developmental profile with high synthetic activities in feeding larvae and in pupae after the release of ecdysteroids. Variation of the hormone titer during pupal life differed significantly in males and females. Labeling of cytochrome c by both 14C and 3H was as expected from the variation of its concentration reported in a preceding paper; highest in corporation was around adult emergence. The results demonstrate that i) the accumulation of cytochrome c in the developing adult insect is primarily due to de novo synthesis of both heme and apocytochrome c, performed under coordinate control, and ii) the concentration of 5-aminolevulinate is not rate-limiting in the formation of cytochrome c. Biliverdin IXγ, the major tetrapyrrolic product in this insect, seems to be directly derived from (free) heme and relatively short-lived as deduced from a time-course study. Formation of the bilin, i.e. destruction of heme, increased concomitantly to the initiation of adult differentiation by ecdysteroids in the pupa but later decreased at adult emergence. Synthesis of cytochrome c takes place as a late event during terminal development. Thus, the pathways leading to the two major heme products seem to be differently regulated during development.

Nesting biology and life history of the dung beetle Onthophagus lecontei (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arellano ◽  
C. Castillo-Guevara ◽  
C. Huerta ◽  
A. Germán-García ◽  
C. Lara
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Nesting Biology ◽  
Preimaginal Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Capra Aegagrus

Obtaining knowledge about a species’ life history and reproductive behaviour is fundamental for understanding its biology, ecology, and potential role in ecosystem services. Here, we focused on the dung beetle species Onthophagus lecontei. Adults were collected in the field and then confined to terrariums, where they were supplied with semi-fresh domestic goat dung (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777). After being paired (26 pairs), the nesting behavior of beetles was observed under laboratory conditions and the preimaginal development of individuals obtained from mating (from the deposition of the egg until the emergence of the adult) was described. Their nesting behavior was found to be characteristic of what is known as pattern I, which comprises building of brood masses, oviposition of a single egg in each brood mass, development of three larval instars, construction of a pupation chamber, pupal stage and adult emergence. Both sexes were involved in the handling of dung, tunnel construction, and mass nest elaboration. Pairs built from one to seven brood masses. The pre-nesting period (feeding) lasted 16 days; the egg stage two days, the larval period 22 days; the pupal period 11 days and the imagoes four days, after which the adults emerged. Our results are discussed and compared with other species in the genus. However, our knowledge of this dung beetle is still limited, and further studies are required in all areas of its biology.

LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF THE TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX HIRTIPENNIS (MELSHEIMER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Davis Martin ◽  
G. A. Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

The life history of the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) (= Epitrix parvula Fab.) was studied under the controlled conditions of 27 ± 2.8°C, 80 ± 6% and a 14L:10D photophase. Eggs matured in ca. 4 days, the larval stage, including 3 instars, developed in 13 days, prepupal development took 3 days and the pupal stage lasted approximately 5 days. There was a 24 day interval between oviposition and adult emergence. Females laid 3.1 eggs/day with a 13 day period between adult emergence and first oviposition. The mean number of total eggs/female was 138.6 ± 14.7. Female oviposition continued until a few days before death and adult longevity was approximately 70 days. A visual means of distinguishing between male and female beetles was also developed.

Metamorphosis of the pretarsus in Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thripidae) and Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Phlaeothripidae) (Thysanoptera)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
New Material ◽  
Depressor Muscle ◽  
Pharate Adult

During the propupal and pupal stages of Frankliniella fusca and Haplothrips verbasci, each leg consists of coxa, femur, and tibiotarsus.The adult pretarsus, tarsomeres, and tibial gland of F. fusca arise during the pupal stage through morphogenesis of the distal tibiotarsal epidermis. These structures become functional at the time of adult emergence on the completion of cuticle deposition. Most leg epidermal cells degenerate soon thereafter.The imaginal tarsal depressor muscle develops during the pupal and pharate adult stages through fusion and differentiation of myoblasts originating elsewhere in the body. Myofibrils of the larval pretarsal depressor muscle disappear during the propupal stage but reappear during the pupal and pharate adult stages with a different, adult configuration.At the larval–propupal apolysis, the larval restraining tendons detach at both ends from the larval cuticle, contract, and, throughout metamorphosis, nestle between the epidermis of unguitractor apodeme and tibiotarsus. During the pupal stage the tendons rotate transversely 90° and grow laterally through addition of new material to their sides.In H. verbasci, completion of these events requires an additional pupal stage.Leg metamorphosis in thrips is compared with that occurring in other insects and additional remarks are made on the origin of holometabolism in Thysanoptera.Chez la pronymphe et la nymphe de Frankliniella fusca et d'Haplothrips verbasci, chaque patte est constituée d'une coxa, d'un fémur et d'un tibio-tarse.

scholarly journals Seasonal phenology of Australian citrus whitefly (Orchamoplatus citri) in New Zealand

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
A. Chhagan ◽  
C. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Citrus Orchards

Australian citrus whitefly (ACWF) was first detected in Auckland in 2000 It has since spread to Kerikeri Gisborne and Bay of Plenty where it causes sooty mould problems and possibly reduction in fruit colour and tree health issues The seasonal phenology of ACWF life stages and presence of natural enemies were assessed in citrus orchards in Kerikeri Auckland and Gisborne ACWF overwintered as a fourth instar/pupal stage In Kerikeri and Auckland the main adult emergence period was midOctober to January with distinct periods when each immature life stage was present In March a small percentage of the fourth instar/pupal population emerged as adults while the remainder overwintered before emerging the following spring Clear and distinct periods when eggs crawlers and nymphal stages were present were not seen in Gisborne No parasitoids emerged from sampled ACWF and none of the predators collected in this survey appeared have any significant impact on the high ACWF populations observed

scholarly journals Bionomics of Peckia (Euboettcheria) Anguilla and Peckia (Euboettcheria) Collusor (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in The Laboratory.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Nascimento ◽  
Alexandre da-Silva-Xavier ◽  
Lorrane Pereira ◽  
Carlos Sánchez ◽  
Margareth Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Stage Duration ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Flesh Flies

Abstract Flesh-flies are important mechanical vectors that cause myiasis in man and animals and they also play an important role in forensic entomology. Postmortem interval can be estimated using data available in the literature on the biology of the species. This study aims to elucidate the bionomics of these two species in order to provide preliminary data for medical, veterinary and forensic entomology analyses. We analyzed the larval stage durations (L1–L3), weight of the mature larvae (L3), L1-pupae stage duration, L3-pupae stage duration, pupal stage duration, L1–adult duration, adult emergence, atrophies and the viability of larvae and adults. The mean duration of the L1–adult of Peckia anguilla was 22.6 days and 21.8 days, in the first and second experiments. Mean lifespan for females and males was 75 and 69.6 days, respectively. The mean duration of the L1–adult of Peckia collusor was 25.9 days and 23.8 days, in the first and second experiments. Mean lifespan for females and males was 77.5 and 73.5 days, respectively. Although the two species presented similar results in relation to their post-embryonic development, P. collusor showed an adult lifespan longer, laying 1983 larvae throughout the experiment, while P. anguilla depositing 2298 larvae.

Carbonic Anhydrase Activity During the Larval-Pupal Transformation of Hyalophora Cecropia Reared on Foliage and Synthetic Diet: Effects of Potassium and Chloride on Midgut, Fat Body and Integumentary Enzymes

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
JAMES W. JOHNSTON ◽  
ARTHUR M. JUNGREIS
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Larval Midgut ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Hyalophora Cecropia ◽  
Diet Type

1. Carbonic anhydrase was measured in tissues of silkmoths, Hyalophora cecropia, reared on either a wheatgerm-based synthetic diet or wild cherry foliage in feeding fifth-instar larvae, throughout the larval舑pupal transformation and in newly ecdysed pupae. 2. Carbonic anhydrase activity was present in fat body, midgut and intgeumentary epithelial cells, but not in haemolymph, cuticle or the integumentary musculature. 3. Approximately 70 % of the total carbonic anhydrase present per animal is localized within the epidermal cells of the integument. 4. The midgut is without measurable carbonic anhydrase activity from the day of apolysis (through the newly ecdysed pupal stage in development) until after the larval-pupal ecdysis. 5. In tissues analysed during the feeding fifth larval instar, 150 toward acetazolamide was between 10舑8 and 10舑7 m. 6. With the exception of larval midgut, regardless of stage, tissue or diet, both potassium and chloride normally inhibit carbonic anhydrase, with the effects of potassium and chloride being additive. 7. In larval midgut, chloride at concentrations of 50 or 150 mm stimulates carbonic anhydrase activity 30 or 100%, respectively. 8. In foliage-reared insects, potassium enhances chloride stimulation of larval midgut carbonic anhydrase, whereas in synthetic-diet-reared insects, potassium antagonizes the stimulatory effects of chloride. 9. Removal of a heat-stable, dialysable factor associated with the larval midgut of foliage-reared insects converts properties of the foliage midgut enzyme to those characteristic of the synthetic diet type, and vice versa.

RATES OF FEEDING, OVIPOSITION, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (BURGESS) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) ON SEVERAL WEEDS

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 753-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Smith ◽  
J.M. Hardman
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
White Marble ◽  
Single Host ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Glechoma Hederacea

AbstractIn free-choice trials with Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), a serious greenhouse pest, and 16 species of weeds commonly found near greenhouses in Nova Scotia, the leafminer produced feeding punctures and mines in every weed tested. There were wide variations in mean numbers of punctures per plant and larval mines per plant and less pronounced variations in the mean ratios of punctures to mines. In single-host trials, development time and survival of larval and pupal L. trifolii were determined on 10 of these weeds and on Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. White Marble. Pupal survival with all weeds was as high or higher than with chrysanthemum and larval survival was as high or higher than with chrysanthemum in 6 of the 10 weeds. Time from oviposition to adult emergence was as short as that on chrysanthemum on two weeds and shorter on six others. Only creeping Charlie, Glechoma hederacea, was an unsuitable host with no larvae developing to the pupal stage. The ability of L. trifolii to use common weeds as alternate hosts indicates that weed control in and around greenhouses should be included in any program to protect greenhouse chrysanthemums from this leafminer.

scholarly journals Effects of photoperiod and relative humidity on diapause termination and post-winter development of Rhagoletis cerasi pupae

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-596
Author(s):  
Cleopatra A. Moraiti ◽  
Kirsten Köppler ◽  
Heidrun Vogt ◽  
Nikos T. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Developmental Duration ◽  
Diapause Termination ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Chilling Period ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

AbstractThe European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a univoltine species that undergoes obligatory summer–winter diapause at pupal stage in the soil (2–5 cm) beneath host trees. To study the effects of photoperiod and relative humidity on diapause termination and post-winter developmental duration of R. cerasi, pupae collected from Dossenheim (Germany) were exposed to different photoperiod or relative humidity regimes during a chilling period ranging from 2 to 8.5 months. Specifically, pupae were exposed to four photoperiod regimes: (a) light conditions (24L:00D), (b) dark conditions (00L:24D), (c) short photoperiod (08L:16D) and (d) long photoperiod (16L:08D), as well as to three relative humidity regimes: (a) low (40% RH), (b) medium (60% RH) and (c) high (70–80% RH). Data revealed that relative humidity is not a significant predictor of diapause termination, but it affects the post-winter developmental period. Higher relative humidity promotes post-winter pupae development. On the other hand, photoperiod significantly affected both diapause termination and post-winter development of R. cerasi pupae. Light conditions (24L:00D) accelerate adult emergence, particularly for females. Regardless of the photoperiod (24L:00D, 00L:24D, 08L:16D), rates of adult emergence were high (>75%) for chilling intervals longer than 6.5 months. Nonetheless, exposure to a long day photoperiod (16L:08D), during chilling, dramatically reduced the proportion of adult emergence following 6 months exposure to chilling. Our findings broaden the understanding of factors regulating diapause responses in European cherry fruit fly, local adaptation and synchronization of adult emergence with the ripening period of major hosts.

Observations on the biology of some members of the genus Tragocephala (Coleoptera, Lamiidae) associated with Theobroma cacao in West Africa

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-405
Author(s):  
P. F. Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Young Larva ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
June July ◽  
Pupal Chamber

Members of the genus Tragocephala are widespread as pests of cocoa, and other tree crops, in West and also in East Africa. Those known to be associated with cocoa in West Africa are listed and observations are given on the biology of two of the more important, T. castitnia theobromae Entw. in Ghana and T. castnia cacaoensis Entw. in Nigeria, and a method of laboratory rearing and breeding is described.The egg is laid in an unhardened stem and the oviposition behaviour is complex; the stem is first girdled at a point where it is less than one centimetre in diameter and an oviposition slit excavated above the girdle. The ovipositor is inserted into this slit and the egg is concealed inside the stem; the adult finally closes the oviposition slit with her mandibles.The egg hatches after 11 days and the young larva bores upwards in the dead wood above the girdle. This phase appears obligatory and is followed by one in which the larva bores down into the living stem below the girdle. The mean larval period of T. castnia theobromae in the laboratory was 143 days (range, 70–228 days).A pupal chamber is made by severing the stem beyond about 10 cm. above the end of the gallery and filling the aperture with shreds of wood. The pupal period, in the last half of which adult coloration begins to show, is about 20 days for T. castnia theobromae and 23 days for T. castnia cacaocnsis.Laboratory evidence suggests that there is a post-pupal resting phase in the pupal chamber followed by a free-living non-feeding period; in T. castnia cacaocnsis these lasted on average 6·5 and 4·2 days, respectively, and were followed by intensive feeding on green unhardened stems. The length of life of caged adults varied greatly but the mean was 57·0 and 55·5 days for males and females, respectively, of T. castnia theobromae and 32·0 and 28·5 days for T. castnia cacaoensis. The least preoviposition period noted for T. castnia theobromae was 20 days and previously unmated males and females of this subspecies were still fertile up to at least 76 and 162 days, respectively. Mating normally initiated the bark-ringing behaviour of females and the maximum number of eggs laid by a female of T. castnia theobromae was 146. Considering only individuals that laid 25 or more eggs, an oviposition rate (number of eggs laid per day between first and last oviposition) of 0·51 was recorded for this subspecies. Host plants alternative to cocoa are listed for T. castnia theobromae and T, castnia cacaoensis.The oviposition activity of T. castnia theobromae was least in June, July, August, December and January, whilst for T. castnia cacaoensis very few eggs were laid in the main dry season (November to the following February).The eggs of T. nobilis (F.), T. castnia theobromae and T. castnia cacaoensis, and of another species in the Congo Eepublic, are attacked by the Encyrtid Aprostocetus lamiicidus Kerrich, which in Nigeria appears to undergo a larval diapause in the dry season. Whilst only 5·5 per cent, of eggs were attacked in Ghana, over 50·0 per cent, were attacked in Nigeria. There was an average of 11·7 individuals per egg and the ratio of males to females was 1:2·7.The Tachinid Billaea vanemdeni Fennah was parasitic on larvae of T. nobilis and T. castnia theobromae in Ghana, where its larval stage was in the region of 197 days and its pupal stage 23 days. Incidence of attack was highest from April to July and the two main adult emergence periods were June and September/ October.An Ichneumonid, Nadia sp., is parasitic on either larvae or pupae of T. castnia cacaoensis in Nigeria. Scolytid species incursive in wood dying after being girdled destroy many eggs in Nigeria, where geckoes and ants are thought to be responsible for loss of larvae.Tragocephala can be a locally important pest, especially of seedling cocoa and its numbers may increase considerably if unsuitable chemical control methods are used against other pests of cocoa.The bark-ringing habit in Cerambycidae is discussed.

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