The Relationships Between Nutrition, Hormones and Reproduction in the Blowfly Calliphora Erythrocephala (Meig.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-646
Author(s):  
J. STRANGWAYS-DIXON
Keyword(s):  
Gravid Female ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Volume Activity ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Carbohydrate Consumption ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Protein Selection ◽  
Median Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Reproductive Cycles

1. A study has been made of the effects of removal of ovaries, copora allata (c.a.) and median neurosecretory cells (m.n.c.) upon the selection by female blowflies of carbohydrate (sugar in water) or ‘protein’ (Marmite in milk). 2. Extirpation of the ovaries resulted in high carbohydrate-low protein selection and in hypertrophy of the c.a. 3. Extirpation of the c.a. resulted in low carbohydrate selection. 4. Extirpation of both ovaries and c.a. resulted in low carbohydrate selection. 5. These and other results suggest that selection is independent of direct ovarian control, but that the ovaries influence selection in that they utilize the ingested foods and thus bring about the succession of feeding cycles. 6. The c.a., whose volume (activity?) changes cyclically during each cycle of reproduction, appears to control the fluctuations in carbohydrate consumption. 7. The m.n.c. seem to be necessary for the ingestion of ‘protein’ and for the activity of the c.a. 8. Reproductive cycles tend to overlap. The succeeding cycle in a gravid female must be taken into consideration when events are being related to reproduction.

Changes in the protein concentration and volume of the haemolymph in relation to yolk deposition, ovariectomy, allatectomy, and cautery of the median neurosecretory cells in Melanoplus sanguinipes

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Elliott ◽  
C. Gillott
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Median Neurosecretory Cells

The protein concentration and volume of the haemolymph may change with no apparent relation to one another in normal, ovariectomized, allatectomized, and median-neurosecretorycell-cauterized (mNSC-cauterized) females. Therefore, protein levels in the haemolymph are more meaningfully expressed in terms of the total protein content. In normal females, fluctuations in the haemolymph volume tend to parallel changes in the protein concentration during the first and subsequent gonotrophic periods. However, significantly less protein accumulates during the latter periods. The suggestion that these fluctuations partly reflect changes in the vitellogenic requirements of the oocytes is supported by the finding that both the volume and protein concentration increase significantly after ovariectomy.Allatectomy or mNSC cautery prevents the normal accumulation of protein in the haemolymph. In allatectomized females, the slight increase in protein concentration is accompanied by a decline in haemolymph volume. Cautery of the mNSC, provided it is performed within 3 h of emergence, results in a low protein concentration but has no effect on the haemolymph volume. The observations are discussed in terms of the corpora allata and mNSC control of haemolymph protein synthesis.

Influence of Neurosecretory Cells and of Corpus Allatum on Intestinal Protease Activity in the Adult Calliphora Erythrocephala MEIG

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-321
Author(s):  
ELLEN THOMSEN ◽  
IB MØLLER
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
The Mean

1. The protease activity of the adult Calliphora female measured on the first 5 days after emergence was found to be highly influenced by the diet, the activity of females fed on sugar, water and meat (meat-flies) being much higher than that of females fed only on sugar and water (sugar-flies). 2. The development of the enzyme(s) was found to be controlled by the medial neurosecretory cells (m.n.c.), the mean protease activity of females deprived of their m.n.c. only amounting to one-quarter to one-third of the maximum values for the meat-flies. 3. Implantation of corpora cardiaca-allata (presumably containing m.n.c. hormone) into females without m.n.c. raised the protease activity of these significantly, showing that the influence of the implanted organs must be hormonal. 4. The corpus allatum was found to have a certain, if minor, effect on the protease activity. 5. It is concluded that in Calliphora the eating of meat exerts its effect on the production of protease mainly indirectly by causing liberation of m.n.c. hormone into the blood. 6. As proteases are themselves proteins, the effect of the m.n.c. hormone on the production of proteolytic enzymes by the gut cells must be regarded as an effect on the specific protein synthesis of these cells. There is some evidence that the m.n.c. hormone might be involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in general.

scholarly journals Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and ER stress in mice maintained long term on a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (6) ◽  
pp. G956-G967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel R. Garbow ◽  
Jason M. Doherty ◽  
Rebecca C. Schugar ◽  
Sarah Travers ◽  
Mary L. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Term Administration

Low-carbohydrate diets are used to manage obesity, seizure disorders, and malignancies of the central nervous system. These diets create a distinctive, but incompletely defined, cellular, molecular, and integrated metabolic state. Here, we determine the systemic and hepatic effects of long-term administration of a very low-carbohydrate, low-protein, and high-fat ketogenic diet, serially comparing these effects to a high-simple-carbohydrate, high-fat Western diet and a low-fat, polysaccharide-rich control chow diet in C57BL/6J mice. Longitudinal measurement of body composition, serum metabolites, and intrahepatic fat content, using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, reveals that mice fed the ketogenic diet over 12 wk remain lean, euglycemic, and hypoinsulinemic but accumulate hepatic lipid in a temporal pattern very distinct from animals fed the Western diet. Ketogenic diet-fed mice ultimately develop systemic glucose intolerance, hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress, steatosis, cellular injury, and macrophage accumulation, but surprisingly insulin-induced hepatic Akt phosphorylation and whole-body insulin responsiveness are not impaired. Moreover, whereas hepatic Pparg mRNA abundance is augmented by both high-fat diets, each diet confers splice variant specificity. The distinctive nutrient milieu created by long-term administration of this low-carbohydrate, low-protein ketogenic diet in mice evokes unique signatures of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and whole-body glucose homeostasis.

Co-localization of amines and peptides in the same median neurosecretory cells of locusts

1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Viellemaringe ◽  
P. Duris ◽  
C. Bensch ◽  
J. Girardie
Keyword(s):  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Median Neurosecretory Cells

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diet for Cancer: Critical Assessment and Research Recommendations

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3562
Author(s):  
Jordin Lane ◽  
Nashira I. Brown ◽  
Shanquela Williams ◽  
Eric P. Plaisance ◽  
Kevin R. Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Research Recommendations

Despite remarkable improvements in screening, diagnosis, and targeted therapies, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States. It is increasingly clear that diet and lifestyle practices play a substantial role in cancer development and progression. As such, various dietary compositions have been proposed for reducing cancer risk and as potential adjuvant therapies. In this article, we critically assess the preclinical and human trials on the effects of the ketogenic diet (KD, i.e., high-fat, moderate-to-low protein, and very-low carbohydrate content) for cancer-related outcomes. The mechanisms underlying the hypothesized effects of KD, most notably the Warburg Effect, suggest that restricting carbohydrate content may impede cancer development and progression via several pathways (e.g., tumor metabolism, gene expression). Overall, although preclinical studies suggest that KD has antitumor effects, prolongs survival, and prevents cancer development, human clinical trials are equivocal. Because of the lack of high-quality clinical trials, the effects of KD on cancer and as an adjunctive therapy are essentially unknown. We propose a set of research recommendations for clinical studies examining the effects of KD on cancer development and progression.

The Relationship Between Nutrition, Hormones and Reproduction in the Blowfly Calliphora Erythrocephala (Meig.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-235
Author(s):  
J. STRANGWAYS-DIXON
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Carbohydrate Consumption ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Protein Ingestion ◽  
The Relationship

1. Calliphora erythrocephala females will live on a sugar diet but will not reproduce unless protein-containing substances are also ingested. If fed protein without carbohydrate, they die. 2. Isolated females were allowed to select from a carbohydrate (sucrose) solution and from a protein-containing solution (Marmite yeast extract in milk) which were contained in identical capillary tubes. The total volume of food ingested each day over a complete reproductive cycle was found to be fairly constant. Within this total, however, ‘protein’ and carbohydrate were selected in quantities which varied with different phases of the reproductive cycle. Thus during the early stages of egg growth, ‘protein’ was ingested in relatively large quantities, while during yolk formation ‘protein’ ingestion declined. Carbohydrate consumption, on the other hand, was relatively low during the early stages but increased during yolk formation. At oviposition the cycles started again. 3. Carbohydrate ingestion of non-reproducing females (fed on sugar solution only) remained at a constantly low level. 4. Selective feeding did not appear to be influenced by mating. 5. Females were found to accept courting males on the day of the first oviposition but not before. This, of course, necessitated a mixed diet of carbohydrate and ‘protein’.

Ovulation in Rhodnius prolixus Stal is induced by an extract of neurosecretory cells

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 684-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Kriger ◽  
K. G. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Pars Intercerebralis ◽  
Median Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
The Brain

The injection of an extract of 10 identified median neurosecretory cells from the pars intercerebralis into gravid mated females previously deprived of these cells by surgery induces ovulation and oviposition during the ensuring 24 h. Injection of an extract of ocellar nerves has no effect. These observations support the hypothesis that ovulation and oviposition are controlled by a myotropin released from neurosecretory cells in the brain.

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