Hormonal Control of the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Carausius Morosus

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA E. M. PILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Stick Insect ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Brain

1. Urine secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules of Carausius is accelerated by a diuretic hormone which can be extracted from the brain, corpora cardiaca and suboesophageal ganglion. 2. The level of this hormone in the haemolymph varies according to the state of hydration of the insect. 3. The hormone is inactivated by the tubules, and a mechanism is proposed whereby the tubules might be controlled by the hormone in vivo.

scholarly journals The hormonal control of diuresis in the cabbage white butterfly Pieris brassicae

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-575
Author(s):  
S. W. Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Diuretic Activity ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
Cabbage White Butterfly ◽  
The Brain

The diuresis which follows the pupal-adult ecdysis of Pieris brassicae is hormonally controlled. Use of the isolated Malpighian tubules as a bioassay shows the presence of substantial diuretic activity in homogenates of the brain and corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex. The hormone is probably produced in the brain and released from a storage site in the corpora cardiaca. The tubules of the butterfly are maximally responsive to the diuretic hormone at the time of eclosion.

THE EFFECTS OF MANDUCA SEXTA DIURETIC HORMONE ON FLUID TRANSPORT BY THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES AND CRYPTONEPHRIC COMPLEX OF MANDUCA SEXTA

1993 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Audsley ◽  
G. M. Coast ◽  
D. A. Schooley
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Fluid Absorption ◽  
Diuretic Hormone

1. Manduca sexta diuretic hormone (Mas-DH) stimulates fluid secretion by adult Malpighian tubules of M. sexta, demonstrating its site of diuretic action in M. sexta for the first time. It was not possible to develop a suitable bioassay to measure fluid secretion in larval proximal tubules. 2. Mas-DH has an antidiuretic action on the cryptonephric complex of larval M. sexta because it increases fluid absorption from the rectum. It appears that in this complex Mas-DH is acting on a Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter, presumably on the basal membrane of the cryptonephric Malpighian tubules, because Mas-DH-stimulated fluid absorption by the cryptonephric complex is inhibited by bumetanide or the removal of Cl-, Na+ or K+ from the haemolymph side of the tissue. This is the first demonstration of hormonal control of fluid absorption by the cryptonephric complex. 3. Concomitant with the stimulation of fluid transport, Mas-DH increases the amount of cyclic AMP secreted by adult Malpighian tubules and the cryptonephric complex. In addition, Mas-DH promotes cyclic AMP production by the larval proximal tubules.

The Control of Changes in Peripheral Sensilla Associated with Feeding in Locusta Migratoria (L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763
Author(s):  
E. A. BERNAYS ◽  
R. F. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Corpus Cardiacum ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Maxillary Palps ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The electrical resistance across the tips of the maxillary palps is not affected by stimulation of the palps, but increases to the normal level found after feeding as a result of distension of the foregut with agar or injection of corpus cardiacum homogenates into the haemolymph. 2. No increase in resistance occurs if the posterior pharyngeal nerves or the frontal connectives are cut. 3. It is inferred that distension of the foregut stimulates stretch receptors which, acting via the posterior pharyngeal nerves, the frontal connectives and the brain, cause the release of hormone from the storage lobes of the corpora cardiaca. This hormone acts on the terminal sensilla of the palps, causing them to close and so increasing the resistance across the palps. 4. Release of the diuretic hormone is controlled via the same pathway.

Memoirs: The Embryonic Development of the Stick-Insect, Carausius morosus

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (311) ◽  
pp. 487-511
Author(s):  
A. J. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Ventral Plate ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Cleavage Nucleus ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Late Stages

1. The maturation of the egg takes place in the ovarian tube, and is immediately followed by the formation of the cleavagenucleus and its division into many nuclei. 2. The entire products of the cleavage-nucleus migrate to the surface to form the blastoderm. Cleavage of the yolk was not observed even in late stages. Yolk-cells are absent when the blastoderm is being formed. 3. Primitive endodermal cells are proliferated from the middle of the germ-band, and form a membrane between the germ-band and the yolk. The membrane is present only in embryonic stages; some of the cells proliferated wander into the yolk and act as vitellophags. 4. Mesoderm is formed by proliferation of cells from the ventral plate. It is preceded by the formation of a shallow gastrular furrow, and from the bottom of this furrow proliferation takes place. The mesoderm becomes arranged in segmental masses. 5. Two masses of cells proliferated at the anterior and posterior ends of the germ-band are shown to be the endodermal rudiments from which the mid-gut epithelium is formed. The invaginations of the stomodaeum and proctodaeum grow against these masses and carry parts of the proliferating areas near their blind ends. It is shown that the various methods of mid-gut formation which have been described could be reconciled with the process described in Carausius. 6. The hinder end of the mid-gut is flanked by two plates of ectoderm which are forward extensions of the proctodaeum. Into these extensions the Malpighian tubules open, and, as their histology is identical with that of these extensions and widely different from that of the mid-gut, these tubules must be ectodermal in nature. 7. The formation of the amnion and serosa are described.

scholarly journals The Control System of the Femur-Tibia Joint in the Standing Leg of a Walking Stick Insect Carausius Morosus

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. CRUSE ◽  
J. SCHMITZ
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
The State ◽  
Alternative States ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
System Changes ◽  
Walking Stick

The control system of the femur-tibia joint of the stick insect (Carausius tnorosus) shows different properties depending on whether the animal is standing or walking. The properties of the system were examined when the animal was walking on a treadwheel and when the examined leg rested on a platform fixed beside the wheel. The results show that the properties of the system in the standing leg of a walking animal are similar to those of a walking animal rather than those of the standing animal. This indicates that the state of the leg (standing or walking) does not seem to be controlled by the neural subsystem of the leg itself but by a more generalized system, which differs in its properties depending upon whether the whole animal is standing or walking. Furthermore the results show how the behaviour of the system changes for the two alternative states.

scholarly journals Vitellogenesis in the stick insect Carausius morosus I. Specific protein synthesis during ovarian development

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
F. Giorgi ◽  
F. Macchi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel ◽  
Carausius Morosus

Vitellogenesis in the stick insect Carausius morosus (Br.) has been studied with the goal of identifying vitellogenin in various tissues. Following exposure to in vivo to radioactive amino acids, oocytes in the medium size range are labelled with a minimum delay of 6 h after the time of injection. Incorporation of radioactivity under these conditions is shown to depend upon accumulation of proteins rather than on a differential rate of protein synthesis in succeeding stages of oogenesis. By immunochemical analyses, it is shown that at least two antigens are common to both haemolymph and ovary and that one of these is also present in the fat body. Both antigens are labelled during exposure to radioactive amino acids. When analysed by the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, extracts from both haemolymph and ovary appear to share a number of protein fractions which range in molecular weight from 40 000 to 200 000 Daltons. The labelling pattern exhibited by these fractions is clearly indicative of a protein transfer from the fat body to the oocyte. Fat body cultured in vivo for up to 4 h releases a major macromolecular complex in the external medium. The latter has been identified as vitellogenin by both immuno-precipitation assay and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein which is synthesized and secreted under these conditions results from the processing of a protein complex of higher molecular weight.

Induction of Sulphate Transport and Hormonal Control of Fluid Secretion by Malpighian Tubules of Larvae of the Mosquito Aedes Taeniorhynchus

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. P. MADDRELL ◽  
J. E. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Sulphate Transport ◽  
Aedes Taeniorhynchus ◽  
The Brain

1. 4th stage larvae of A. taeniorhynchus reared in sulphate-enriched sea water drink the medium at the same rate that they do when reared in sulphate-free sea water. They absorb into the haemolymph most of the water and nearly all of the sulphate from the ingested fluid. 2. Larvae are able to keep the concentration of sulphate in the haemolymph at levels well below that of the medium, even when this contains as much as 89 mM sulphate. 3. The Malpighian tubules of larvae reared in sulphate-containing waters soon develop an ability to transport sulphate. The rate of sulphate transport induced varies directly with the sulphate content of the water in which they are reared. This ability is not retained into the adult stage. 4. The rate of fluid secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules is increased by up to 20 times when they are exposed to saline containing 1.5 mM cyclic AMP or concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine higher than 10−6 5. Tubules isolated from unfed insects into stimulant-free saline secrete fluid only slowly, but similarly treated tubules from feeding insects initially secrete fluid very much faster. 6. Extracts of the brain and of the thoracic ganglia stimulate Malpighian tubules to secrete fluid at a high rate. The brain is about four times as rich a source of stimulant as is the chain of thoracic ganglia. Treatment of the surface of the structures in the head with K-rich saline leads to the release of a factor which stimulates fluid secretion by the Malpighian tubules. 7. The results suggest that the Malpighian tubules in larvae of A. taeniorhynchus are under the control of a diuretic hormone which is elaborated in the brain and possibly also in the thoracic ganglia and which reaches high levels in the circulating haemolymph of feeding animals. 8. The rate of sulphate transport by isolated Malpighian tubules is strongly affected by the rate of fluid secretion. This behaviour is compatible with a passive leak of transported sulphate from the lumen back into the haemolymph through the permeable wall of the tubule.

Localization of the Pupal Melanization Reducing Factor of Inachis io (L.) and Comparison with Melanization and Reddish Coloration Hormone

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Starnecker ◽  
P. B. Koch ◽  
S. Matsumoto ◽  
T. Mitsui ◽  
D. Bückmann
Keyword(s):  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Pheromone Biosynthesis ◽  
Color Adaptation ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Pseudaletia Separata ◽  
Inachis Io ◽  
Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide ◽  
The Brain

In Inachis io, a pupal melanization reducing factor (PMRF) which controls morphological color adaptation is located in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia, and all abdominal ganglia. Higher PMRF amounts were extracted from abdominal ganglia than from the anterior ganglia. No PMRF activity could be found in the Corpora cardiaca-Corpora allata complex, in segmentally branching nerves of abdominal ganglia and their connectives. Extracts from brain-thoracic ganglia and abdominal ganglia complex of I. io contained also a factor with melanization and reddish coloration hormone (MRCH) activity in Pseudaletia separata and with pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) activity in Bom-byx mori. However, injection of synthetic Pseudaletia pheromonotropin (Pss-PT) (= Pss-MRCH) into prepupae of I. io did not yield a melanization reducing effect. Therefore, PMRF and the PBAN/MRCH related neuropeptides seem to be different molecules. The PBAN-like factor from I. io is possibly related to the myotropins and pyrokinins of insects

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