scholarly journals The Control System of the Femur-Tibia Joint in the Standing Leg of a Walking Stick Insect Carausius Morosus

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. CRUSE ◽  
J. SCHMITZ
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
The State ◽  
Alternative States ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
System Changes ◽  
Walking Stick

The control system of the femur-tibia joint of the stick insect (Carausius tnorosus) shows different properties depending on whether the animal is standing or walking. The properties of the system were examined when the animal was walking on a treadwheel and when the examined leg rested on a platform fixed beside the wheel. The results show that the properties of the system in the standing leg of a walking animal are similar to those of a walking animal rather than those of the standing animal. This indicates that the state of the leg (standing or walking) does not seem to be controlled by the neural subsystem of the leg itself but by a more generalized system, which differs in its properties depending upon whether the whole animal is standing or walking. Furthermore the results show how the behaviour of the system changes for the two alternative states.

Hormonal Control of the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Carausius Morosus

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA E. M. PILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Stick Insect ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Corpora Cardiaca ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Brain

1. Urine secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules of Carausius is accelerated by a diuretic hormone which can be extracted from the brain, corpora cardiaca and suboesophageal ganglion. 2. The level of this hormone in the haemolymph varies according to the state of hydration of the insect. 3. The hormone is inactivated by the tubules, and a mechanism is proposed whereby the tubules might be controlled by the hormone in vivo.

scholarly journals Is the Position of the Femur-Tibia Joint Under Feedback Control in the Walking Stick Insect?: II. Electrophysiological Recordings

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
H. CRUSE ◽  
H.-J. PFLÜGER
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Walking Stick

From earlier force measurements it was assumed that the system controlling the position of the femur-tibia joint in the middle leg of the stick insect is active in walking animals. This hypothesis is confirmed by electrophysiological recordings and is discussed in relation to several earlier findings concerning the function of the control system of the femur-tibia joint.

scholarly journals Is the Position of the Femur-Tibia Joint Under Feedback Control in the Walking Stick Insect?: I. Force Measurements

1981 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
H. CRUSE
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Walking Stick

It is known that a feedback system is involved in the position control of the femur-tibia joint of a fixed stick insect. Force measurements indicate that the control system also mediates negative feedback in the walking animal, the gain of the reflex loop and the half-time value of the reflex response being decreased. The biological significance of this effect is discussed. The results agree with similar experiments on man by other authors.

scholarly journals CONTROL OF BODY HEIGHT IN A STICK INSECT WALKING ON A TREADWHEEL

1993 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Cruse ◽  
J. Schmitz ◽  
U. Braun ◽  
A. Schweins
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Height Control

The properties of the system that controls the distance between body and ground was investigated in the stick insect Carausius morosus. The insect walked on a lightweight double treadwheel under open-loop or closed-loop conditions. The open-loop investigations show that the dynamic behaviour of the height-control system in the walking animal can be described in terms of a simple proportional system with negligible dynamic properties, and it is therefore much simpler than the height-control system in the standing animal. Under open-loop conditions, we found no coupling between contralateral or ipsilateral legs. This agrees with the findings on standing animals. The force- height characteristic shows two ranges, in each of which the system exhibits a linear relationship but a different slope. Under closed-loop conditions, the force-height characteristic shows the same two linear ranges, but the slopes are greater than under open-loop conditions. Because the height controller of each leg can be considered to act like a spring, this result means that under closed-loop conditions the controller is stiffer than it is under open-loop conditions.

Beyond Neo-Colonialism: Varieties of Corporatism in Africa

1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
World System ◽  
The State ◽  
Super Structure ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
The World ◽  
System Changes ◽  
Political Economies

Although the essential character of Africa's dependence on the world system changes very slowly, if at all, particular aspects of it are always in flux. For whilst dependence continues to generate underdevelopment, some growth has occurred in several countries at particular periods with important implications for certain classes. The incorporation of the continent into the world system is an ongoing process that reflects shifts in (i) the nature of the world system, and (ii) the nature of Africa's political economies. The sub-structure of the periphery – the capitalist and extractive modes and relations of production – evolves slowly, but the super-structure – the politics and ideology of the state – are considerably more volatile. Given the organic links between the sub- and super-structure, the instability of the latter affects the continuity of the former.

CONTROL SYSTEM IN MODERN JAPAN (NIHONTEKI KEYKEY): THE KEY TO INNOVATIVE DEVEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
A. I. SAMSIN ◽  
◽  
M. A. PONOMAREV ◽  
V. V. VELIKOROSSOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Control System ◽  
Management System ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Japan

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main trends and problems of the management system in modern Japan, which is the key to the country's innovative economic development. Shows the social orientation of the state authorities to protect the rights, freedoms and well-being of citizens. Today, the country is actively fighting against the coronavirus pandemic. The decisive role belongs to government bodies, it is they who develop and implement a system of measures to overcome this serious danger.

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