Limited transgenerational effects of environmental temperatures on thermal performance of a cold-adapted salmonid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

scholarly journals Limited transgenerational effects of environmental temperatures on thermal performance of a cold-adapted salmonid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantelle M. Penney ◽  
Gary Burness ◽  
Joshua Robertson ◽  
Chris C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Critical Thermal Maximum ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Transgenerational Plasticity ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

AbstractThe capacity of ectotherms to cope with rising temperatures associated with climate change is a significant conservation concern as the rate of warming is likely too fast for adaptation to occur in some populations. Transgenerational plasticity, if present, could potentially buffer some of the negative impacts of warming on future generations. We examined transgenerational plasticity in lake trout to assess their inter-generational potential to cope with anticipated warming. We acclimated adult lake trout to cold or warm temperatures for several months, then bred them to produce offspring from parents of matched and mismatched temperatures. At the fry stage, offspring were also acclimated to cold or warm temperatures and their thermal performance was assessed by measuring their critical thermal maximum and metabolic rate during an acute temperature challenge. Overall, transgenerational plasticity was evident: thermal performance of offspring reflected both maternal and paternal environmental conditions, and offspring performed better when their environment matched that of their parents. There was little variation in offspring critical thermal maximum or peak metabolic rate, although cold-acclimated offspring from warm-acclimated parents exhibited elevated standard metabolic rates, suggesting that transgenerational effects can be detrimental when parent and offspring environments mismatch. These results demonstrate both the occurrence and limitations of transgenerational plasticity in a coldwater salmonid in response to elevated temperature, as well as potential ecological risks associated with transgenerational plasticity when an environmental change experienced by the parents does not persist with the next generation.

scholarly journals Do endotherms have thermal performance curves?

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. jeb141309
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Levesque ◽  
Katie E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons ◽  
Measure Of Performance ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACTTemperature is an important environmental factor governing the ability of organisms to grow, survive and reproduce. Thermal performance curves (TPCs), with some caveats, are useful for charting the relationship between body temperature and some measure of performance in ectotherms, and provide a standardized set of characteristics for interspecific comparisons. Endotherms, however, have a more complicated relationship with environmental temperature, as endothermy leads to a decoupling of body temperature from external temperature through use of metabolic heat production, large changes in insulation and variable rates of evaporative heat loss. This has impeded our ability to model endothermic performance in relation to environmental temperature as well as to readily compare performance between species. In this Commentary, we compare the strengths and weaknesses of potential TPC analogues (including other useful proxies for linking performance to temperature) in endotherms and suggest several ways forward in the comparative ecophysiology of endotherms. Our goal is to provide a common language with which ecologists and physiologists can evaluate the effects of temperature on performance. Key directions for improving our understanding of endotherm thermoregulatory physiology include a comparative approach to the study of the level and precision of body temperature, measuring performance directly over a range of body temperatures and building comprehensive mechanistic models of endotherm responses to environmental temperatures. We believe the answer to the question posed in the title could be ‘yes’, but only if ‘performance’ is well defined and understood in relation to body temperature variation, and the costs and benefits of endothermy are specifically modelled.

scholarly journals Immediate and transgenerational effects of thymol supplementation, inactivated Salmonella and chronic heat stress on representative immune variables of Japanese quail

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Videla ◽  
O. Giayetto ◽  
M. E. Fernández ◽  
P. A. Chacana ◽  
R. H. Marín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Abstract Environmental challenges are integrated in the inmunoneuroendocrine interplay, impacting the immune system of the challenged individuals, and potentially implying transgenerational effects on their offspring. This study addressed whether dietary supplementation with thymol can modulate the immune response of adult Japanese quail when simultaneously exposed to an inoculum of inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis and a chronic heat stress (CHS). We also evaluated whether the experienced situations by adults can affect the immune response of their undisturbed offspring. In the parental generation, supplemented quail exposed to CHS had a higher inflammatory response and similar values of the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio than those that were not supplemented. In their offspring, those chicks whose parents were exposed to CHS showed higher inflammatory response and lower antibody production. Regarding the H/L ratio, chicks whose parents were supplemented showed lower H/L ratio values. Dietary supplementation with thymol partially and positively modulated the inflammatory response and avoided H/L ratio alteration in the parental generation exposed to high environmental temperatures, suggesting these adults were better at dealing with the challenge. The lower H/L ratio values in the offspring suggests that chicks are more capable to deal with potential stressful situations associated with conventional breeding conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of environmental temperature on the kinetic properties of goldfish brain choline acetyltransferase

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hebb ◽  
T. C. Stephens ◽  
M. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Michaelis Constants ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. Michaelis constants of goldfish brain choline acetyltransferase were found to depend on the concentration of the second substrate present and on the temperature to which the fish had been adapted. 2. Primary plots constructed from results obtained with enzyme prepared from cold-adapted or warm-adapted fish indicated that synthesis of acetylcholine took place by a sequential mechanism. 3. The affinity of choline acetyltransferase for acetyl-CoA was about 100 times that for choline irrespective of whether the enzyme had been prepared from warm-adapted or cold-adapted fish. 4. The maximum rate at which choline acetyltransferase synthesized acetylcholine and the energy of activation for this synthesis remained independent of the previous environmental temperature of the fish. 5. The affinity of choline acetyltransferase for choline and acetyl-CoA showed a complex dependence on temperature. The affinity of the enzyme from cold-adapted fish for substrates increased as the incubation temperature was lowered, whereas that of the enzyme from warm-adapted fish first increased and then decreased. 6. The maximum affinity of choline acetyltransferase for both substrates, from both cold-adapted and warm-adapted fish, occurred at temperatures that corresponded approximately to the respective environmental temperatures of the fish. 7. These changes in enzyme affinity for substrates are not thought to be due to the presence of isoenzymes. Their adaptive significance is unknown, but it could be connected with the maintenance of the enzyme in a stable form.

scholarly journals Thermal Performance Curves of Multiple Isolates of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a Lethal Pathogen of Amphibians

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara N. Sheets ◽  
Deena R. Schmidt ◽  
Paul J. Hurtado ◽  
Allison Q. Byrne ◽  
Erica Bree Rosenblum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Emerging infectious disease is a key factor in the loss of amphibian diversity. In particular, the disease chytridiomycosis has caused severe declines around the world. The lethal fungal pathogen that causes chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has affected amphibians in many different environments. One primary question for researchers grappling with disease-induced losses of amphibian biodiversity is what abiotic factors drive Bd pathogenicity in different environments. To study environmental influences on Bd pathogenicity, we quantified responses of Bd phenotypic traits (e.g., viability, zoospore densities, growth rates, and carrying capacities) over a range of environmental temperatures to generate thermal performance curves. We selected multiple Bd isolates that belong to a single genetic lineage but that were collected across a latitudinal gradient. For the population viability, we found that the isolates had similar thermal optima at 21°C, but there was considerable variation among the isolates in maximum viability at that temperature. Additionally, we found the densities of infectious zoospores varied among isolates across all temperatures. Our results suggest that temperatures across geographic point of origin (latitude) may explain some of the variation in Bd viability through vertical shifts in maximal performance. However, the same pattern was not evident for other reproductive parameters (zoospore densities, growth rates, fecundity), underscoring the importance of measuring multiple traits to understand variation in pathogen responses to environmental conditions. We suggest that variation among Bd genetic variants due to environmental factors may be an important determinant of disease dynamics for amphibians across a range of diverse environments.

Cold-Adapted Nasal Flu Vaccine Looks Promising

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
MIRIAM E. TUCKER
Keyword(s):  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Flu Vaccine

Experimental study of thermohydraulic characteristics and irreversibility analysis of novel axial corrugated tube with spring tape inserts

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 30901
Author(s):  
Suvanjan Bhattacharyya ◽  
Debraj Sarkar ◽  
Ulavathi Shettar Mahabaleshwar ◽  
Manoj K. Soni ◽  
M. Mohanraj
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Heat Exchanger Tube ◽  
Heat Transfer Augmentation ◽  
Corrugated Tube ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exchanger Tube

The current study experimentally investigates the heat transfer augmentation on the novel axial corrugated heat exchanger tube in which the spring tape is introduced. Air (Pr = 0.707) is used as a working fluid. In order to augment the thermohydraulic performance, a corrugated tube with inserts is offered. The experimental study is further extended by varying the important parameters like spring ratio (y = 1.5, 2.0, 2.5) and Reynolds number (Re = 10 000–52 000). The angular pitch between the two neighboring corrugations and the angle of the corrugation is kept constant through the experiments at β = 1200 and α = 600 respectively, while two different corrugations heights (h) are analyzed. While increasing the corrugation height and decreasing the spring ratio, the impact of the swirling effect improves the thermal performance of the system. The maximum thermal performance is obtained when the corrugation height is h = 0.2 and spring ratio y = 1.5. Eventually, correlations for predicting friction factor (f) and Nusselt number (Nu) are developed.

Dealing with hot rocky environments: Critical thermal maxima and locomotor performance in Leptodactylus lithonaetes (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Environmental temperature has fitness consequences on ectotherm development, ecology and behaviour. Amphibians are especially vulnerable because thermoregulation often trades with appropriate water balance. Although substantial research has evaluated the effect of temperature in amphibian locomotion and physiological limits, there is little information about amphibians living under extreme temperature conditions. Leptodactylus lithonaetes is a frog allegedly specialised to forage and breed on dark granitic outcrops and associated puddles, which reach environmental temperatures well above 40 ˚C. Adults can select thermally favourable microhabitats during the day while tadpoles are constrained to rock puddles and associated temperature fluctuations; we thus established microhabitat temperatures and tested whether the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of L. lithonaetes is higher in tadpoles compared to adults. In addition, we evaluated the effect of water temperature on locomotor performance of tadpoles. Contrary to our expectations, puddle temperatures were comparable and even lower than those temperatures measured in the microhabitats used by adults in the daytime. Nonetheless, the CTmax was 42.3 ˚C for tadpoles and 39.7 ˚C for adults. Regarding locomotor performance, maximum speed and maximum distance travelled by tadpoles peaked around 34 ˚C, approximately 1 ˚C below the maximum puddle temperatures registered in the puddles. In conclusion, L. lithonaetes tadpoles have a higher CTmax compared to adults, suggesting a longer exposure to extreme temperatures that lead to maintain their physiological performance at high temperatures. We suggest that these conditions are adaptations to face the strong selection forces driven by this granitic habitat.

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