X-ray residual stress analysis of cylindrically curved surfaces—estimation of circumferential distributions of residual stresses

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Oguri ◽  
K Murata ◽  
Y Sato
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Circumferential Stress ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reference Axis

A new measuring technique utilizing X-ray diffraction is proposed in order to estimate the circumferential distributions of residual stresses on convex/concave cylindrical surfaces. This technique requires neither tilting X-ray beams in the circumferential direction in which the X-ray incident angle tends to be limited nor adjusting the normal of the irradiation area to the reference axis of the ψ angle. The circumferential distributions of the circumferential stress and of the axial stress are estimated from the diffraction angles at ψ = 0° and the axial stresses obtained by the stress measurement on multiple inclined areas on the cylindrical surfaces under the configuration of the axial stress measurement using the iso-inclination scanning method. This estimate technique was applied to two round bars of steel, one with circumferential distributions of the residual stresses and the other with almost uniform stresses. The distribution functions of the residual stresses were expanded to a couple of Fourier series, and the coefficients of them were determined by the least-squares method. The estimated distributions of the residual stresses were in good agreement with the actual ones.

Wheel Rim Axial Residual Stress and a Proposed Mechanism for Vertical Split Rim Formation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Lonsdale ◽  
John Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Axial Residual Stress ◽  
Railroad Wheels ◽  
Hoop Stresses ◽  
Future Work

Railroad wheels are manufactured with beneficial residual compressive hoop stresses, which are imparted by rim quenching and tempering. Hoop and radial residual stresses for wheels have been studied in detail by various organizations over the years and are relatively well characterized. However axial residual stresses, in the orientation across the rim width from back rim face to front rim face, have not been extensively investigated. This paper describes a failure mode known as a vertical split rim (VSR) and describes efforts to measure the axial residual stresses in, 1) new wheels, 2) service worn wheels and 3) wheels that have failed from VSRs. Initial axial residual stress measurement efforts, using core drilling and x-ray diffraction from the tread surface, are briefly reviewed. Further more extensive work using x-ray diffraction to measure axial residual stress on radial wheel slices is described and data are presented, focusing on differences between the three wheel types. The concept of Axial Stress Amplification (ASA) is outlined, and the relationship of axial residual stress to VSRs is discussed. A proposed mechanism for VSR formation is described. Future work, with a goal of reducing or eliminating VSRs in service, is considered.

Measurement of Residual Stresses in Thin Films by Two-Dimensional XRD

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob B. He
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Residual Stress Analysis

This paper introduces the recent progress in two-dimensional X-ray diffraction as well as its applications in residual stress analysis in thin films. The stress measurement with twodimensional x-ray diffraction can be done with low incident angle and is not limited to the peaks with high two-theta angles like the conventional method. When residual stresses of thin films are measured, a low incident angle is preferred to maximize the diffraction signals from the thin films surfaces instead of from the substrates and matrix materials. Since one stress measurement at one fixed incident angle is possible, stress gradients in depth can be measured by series of incident angles. Some experimental examples are given to show the stress measurement at low and fixed incident angle.

Study on X-Ray Stress Analysis Using a New Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Yoshioka ◽  
Ken-ichi Hasegawa ◽  
Koh-ichi Mochiki
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Counting Rate ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required

A position-sensitive proportional counter suitable for the X-ray stress measurement has been developed and residual stresses were measured with an apparatus that uses this PSD system. The counter was designed to have a good angular resolution over the counter length for the diffracted X-ray beam and high counting rates. The mean angular resolution measured was about 0.2° in 2θ (FWHM) at 200 mm, and the maximum allowable counting rate reached about 40,000 cps.The time required for the data accumulation was shown to be 1/10 to 1/30 of the time required with a standard diffractometer.

Stress and Strain Distribution in Hypertensive and Normotensive Rat Aorta Considering Residual Strain

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Matsumoto ◽  
Kozaburo Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Circumferential Stress ◽  
Circumferential Direction ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Cross Sectional

The effects of hypertension on the stress and strain distributions through the wall thickness were studied in the rat thoracic aorta. Goldblatt hypertension was induced by constricting the left renal artery for 8 weeks. Static pressure-diameter-axial force relations were determined on excised tubular segments. The segments were then sliced into thin ring specimens. Circumferential strain distributions were determined from the cross-sectional shape of the ring specimens observed before and after releasing residual stresses by radial cutting. Stress distributions were calculated using a logarithmic type of strain energy density function. The wall thickness at the systolic blood pressure, Psys, significantly correlated with Psys. The mean stress and strain developed by Psys in the circumferential direction were not significantly different between the hypertensive and control aortas, while those in the axial direction were significantly smaller in the hypertensive aorta than in the control. The opening angles of the stress-free ring specimens correlated well with Psys. The stress concentration factor in the circumferential direction was almost constant and independent of Psys, although the stress distributions were not uniform through the wall thickness. Histological observation showed that the wall thickening caused by hypertension is mainly due to the hypertrophy of the lamellar units of the media, especially in the subintimal layer where the stress increase developed by hypertension is larger than in the other layers. These results indicate that: (a) the aortic wall adapts itself to the mechanical field by changing not only the wall dimensions but also the residual stresses, (b) this adaptation is primarily related to the circumferential stress but not to the axial stress, and (c) the aortic smooth muscle cells seem to change their morphology in response to the mechanical stress.

scholarly journals X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Residual Stresses in the Premium Rails Welded by Flash Butt Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bras Senra de Oliveira ◽  
Lino Alberto Soares Rodrigues ◽  
Ednelson Silva Costa ◽  
Eduardo de Magalhães Braga ◽  
Marcos Allan Leite dos Reis
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Butt Welding ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Compressive Stresses ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Welding Technique

Abstract: This work is distinguished by searching for a non-destructive technology, and X-ray diffraction was validated by the XStress 3000 analyser. Measurements of residual stresses in the welded zone of premium pearlitic rails was performed, rail surface hardness of 370 HB and 0.79% carbon content. The welding of the rails was done by flash butt process, performed by Schlatter GAAS 80 stationary equipment. The results of the tensile and compressive stress measurements identified the residual stresses in the welded zone, with specific zones of tensile stresses misplaced at the weld center, with values up to 391 MPa, and compressive stresses, with values up to -166 MPa, as it moves away rails weld center. An important point of this study is the residual stress measurement considering a complete welding process, including: pre-grinding, flash butt welding, heat treatment, finishing grinding and straightening. Lastly, was observed the welding technique potentially can induce residual stresses at rails.

X-Ray Residual Stress Measurement of Ground Tungsten Carbides with Various Cobalt Contents

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Masaharu Miyano ◽  
Yukio Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Diamond Wheel ◽  
Tungsten Carbides ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Grinding Conditions ◽  
Co Addition ◽  
Straight Lines

The X-ray diffraction method was applied to the measurement of residual stresses on the ground or polished surfaces of WC-Co alloys with various Co contents. The X-ray diffractions of WC 211 by Cu K α radiation were used for the stress measurement. The residual stresses on the ground or polished surfaces were all compression. For the same Co content, the compressive value increased with increasing surface roughness. The maximum residua) stress, which was -2.13 GPa, was observed in WC-5.5wt%Co ground with a #140 diamond wheel.The bending strengths of each alloys were obtained by three point bending tests. The bending strengths were influenced by grinding conditions and Co contents. The maximum value of 3.6 GPa was obtained in WC-16.0wt%Co ground with a #140 diamond wheel.For the same Co addition, the bending strengths were closely related to the residual stresses, These relations were approximated by straight lines.

Residual Stress in Thin Films of Rf-Sputtered Aluminum by X-ray Multtaxial Stress Measurement

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 433-438
Author(s):  
Shoukhi Ejiri ◽  
Zheng Lin ◽  
Tosihiko Sasaki ◽  
Yukio Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Multiaxial Stress ◽  
Argon Gas ◽  
X Ray

Residual stress in thin films of RF-sputtered aluminum coated on substrate of glass was measured by X-ray multiaxial stress measurement. The films were manufactured under the various conditions such as temperature of substrate ranged from 473K to 573K, and pressure of argon gas range from 0.0093Pato 13.3Pa respectively. These results brought comprehension that residual stress existed in tri-axial and that was influenced by temperature of substrate and pressure of argon gas. Residual stresses were unstable in range of less than 1.33Pa of pressure of argon gas.

Residual Stress Measurement of Industrial Polymers by X-Ray Diffraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 1110 ◽  
pp. 100-103
Author(s):  
Doi Taisei ◽  
Masayuki Nishida ◽  
Ozaki Junichi
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
X Ray

In this study, residual stresses in polyamide (PA) materials were measured by the x-ray stress measurement technique. X-ray stress measurement is widely used to measure residual stresses, however, this measurement is not many used in polymeric materials. There are two problems for measuring residual stresses in polymer. Firstly, the diffraction peak from the polymer appears at the low 2θangle region. Thus the measurement accuracy for strains reduces. Secondly, the low 2θangle region is very difficult to use the sin2ψmethod. In this study,Ω-diffractometer with transmission method was used to resolve these problems. The measured data was plotted in thed-sin2ψdiagram, and it was coincident with the linear regression line clearly. X-ray elastic constant (XEC) of PA was estimated from these results.

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