Coal gasification technologies

Author(s):  
R Hotchkiss

This paper reviews coal gasification processes and technology. Sources of more detailed information in specific areas are suggested. The merits and disadvantages of incorporating coal gasification into power generation plants are discussed. The recent history of coal gasification technology and the current state of projects are summarized. The potential for large-scale coal gasification, small-scale coal gasification and cogasification of coal with biomass and/or wastes in the current economic climate is discussed.

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 03053
Author(s):  
Shaomin Yan ◽  
Guang Wu

The current COVID-19 pandemic creates the biggest health and economic challenges to the world. However, not much knowledge is available about this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, because of its novelty. Indeed, it necessarily knows the fate of proteins generated by SARS-CoV-2. Anyway, before a large-scale study on proteins from SARS-CoV-2, it would be better to conduct a small-scale study on a well-known protein from influenza A viruses, because both are positive-sense RNA viruses. Thus, we applied a simple method of amino-acid pair probability to analyze 94 neuraminidases of influenza A viruses for better understanding of their fate. The results demonstrate three features of these neuraminidases: (i) the N1 neuraminidases are more susceptible to mutations, which is the current state of the neuraminidases; (ii) the N1 neuraminidases have undergone more mutations in the past, which is the history of the neuraminidases; and (iii) the N1 neuraminidases have a larger potential towards future mutations, which is the future of the neuraminidases. Moreover, our study reveals two clues on the mutation tendency, i.e. the mutations represent a degeneration process, and chickens, ducks and geese are rendered more susceptive to mutation. We hope to apply this approach to study the proteins from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Suddhasvatta Das ◽  
Kevin Gary

AbstractDue to the fast-paced nature of the software industry and the success of small agile projects, researchers and practitioners are interested in scaling agile processes to larger projects. Agile software development (ASD) has been growing in popularity for over two decades. With the success of small-scale agile transformation, organizations started to focus on scaling agile. There is a scarcity of literature in this field making it harder to find plausible evidence to identify the science behind large scale agile transformation. The objective of this paper is to present a better understanding of the current state of research in the field of scaled agile transformation and explore research gaps. This tertiary study identifies seven relevant peer reviewed studies and reports research findings and future research avenues.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
Thi Mai Thao Pham

To evaluate CO2 emission mitigation potential and cost effectiveness of rice husk utilization, Life Cycle Analysis was conducted for 9 scenarios. The results showed that, gasification is the most efficient CO2 mitigation. From cost analysis, the cost mitigation can be achieved by replacing the current fossil fuels in cooking scenarios. Among the power generation scenarios, it was found that 30MW combustion and 5MW gasification power generations were the most economically-efficient scenarios. The briquette combustion power generation appeared less cost-competitive than direct combustion, whilst the large-scale gasification scenarios and the pyrolysis scenarios give the increase in cost from the baseline. From the viewpoints of both CO2 and cost, it was indicated that the win-win scenarios can be the rice husk use for cooking, for large-scale combustion power generation, and for small-scale gasification. Để đánh giá tiềm năng giảm thiểu phát thải CO2 và hiệu quả chi phí của việc sử dụng trấu, phương pháp đánh giá vòng đời sản phẩm đã được thực hiện cho 9 kịch bản. Kết quả cho thấy, khí hóa trấu để sản xuất điện có tiềm năng giảm phát sinh khí CO2 nhiều nhất. Kết quả phân tích chi phí cho thấy việc giảm thiểu chi phí có thể đạt được khi thay thế sử dụng nhiên liệu hóa thạch trong kịch bản dùng trấu cho nấu ăn. Giữa các kịch bản về sản xuất điện, hiệu quả kinh tế cao nhất trong trường hợp đốt trực tiếp trấu để sản xuất điện ở quy mô công xuất lớn (30MW) và khí hóa ở quy mô trung bình (5MW). Trường hợp dùng củi trấu không mang lại hiệu quả kinh tế so với dùng trực tiếp trấu để phát điện. Hai trường hợp dùng trấu để sản xuất dầu sinh học và khí hóa gas công suất lớn (30MW) cho thấy chi phí tăng cao so với điều kiện biên. Kịch bản cho kết quả khả thi về hiệu quả kinh tế và giảm phát thải CO2 là dùng trấu để nấu ăn, đốt trực tiếp để phát điện công suất lớn và khí hóa công suất trung bình.


This chapter extends the book’s insights about nature, technology, and nation to the larger history of the modern period. While the modern nation loses its grip as a locus of identity and analysis, attempts to understand the operation, disruption, and collapse of continental and global infrastructures continue to mix the natural and the machinic in ways that define them both. Those vulnerabilities emphasize large-scale catastrophe; historiographically, they mask the crucial role of small-scale failures in the experience and culture of late modernity, including its definition of nature. Historical actors turned the uneven geographical distribution of small-scale failures into a marker of distinctive local natures and an element of regional and national identity. Attending to those failures helps not only situate cold-war technologies in the larger modern history of natural and machinic orders; it helps provincialize the superpowers by casting problematic “other” natures as central and primary.


Author(s):  
Hans-Jörg Schmid

This chapter discusses how the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model explains language change. First, it is emphasized that not only innovation and variation, but also the frequency of repetition can serve as important triggers of change. Conventionalization and entrenchment processes can interact and be influenced by numerous forces in many ways, resulting in various small-scale processes of language change, which can stop, change direction, or even become reversed. This insight serves as a basis for the systematic description of nine basic modules of change which differ in the ways in which they are triggered and controlled by processes and forces. Large-scale pathways of change such as grammaticalization, lexicalization, pragmaticalization, context-induced change, or colloquialization and standardization are all explained by reference to these modules. The system is applied in a case study on the history of do-periphrasis.


2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Garbutt

Clearings make settlement possible. Whether on a small scale using an axe and other hand implements to make way for a dwelling and a garden, or on a large scale with a chain strung between two D9 bulldozers in preparation for a major agribusiness development, the process of clearing creates spaces for installing something new. This paper uses the idea of (the) clearing, as practice, process, outcome and metaphor, to examine the installation of the locals in a settler society. Using Lismore on the far-north coast of New South Wales, Australia, as a case example, the particular work of clearing that is discussed here is a practice that enables a form of colonisation and settlement that distances itself from its history of migration. This is a history of settler locals who were 'always here', and a colonial form of clearing clears the land and the mind of troubling pasts and of troubling presences. For the locals within a place, then, clearing manages and simplifies a complex set of social and material relations, histories and identities.Using Anthony Appiah's concept the 'space clearing gesture', the paper concludes with a reflection on the space in which the idea of "the clearing" and this paper appears. Do places, in this instance rural places, provide a type of clearing in which certain ideas might appear that may not appear elsewhere? If situatedness matters then the diversity of places where thinking is done is important for our ecology of thought, and in connection with this, perhaps what 'rural cultural studies' does is clear a particular type of space for thinking.


1990 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 262-272
Author(s):  
William Miller

Paleontologists have lavished much time and energy on description and explanation of large-scale patterns in the fossil record (e.g., mass extinctions, histories of monophyletic taxa, deployment of major biogeographic units), while paying comparatively little attention to biologic patterns preserved only in local stratigraphic sequences. Interpretation of the large-scale patterns will always be seen as the chief justification for the science of paleontology, but solving problems framed by long time spans and large areas is rife with tenuous inference and patterns are prone to varied interpretation by different investigators using virtually the same data sets (as in the controversy over ultimate cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions). In other words, the large-scale patterns in the history of life are the true philosophical property of paleontology, but there will always be serious problems in attempting to resolve processes that transpired over millions to hundreds-of-millions of years and encompassed vast areas of seafloor or landscape. By contrast, less spectacular and more commonplace changes in local habitats (often related to larger-scale events and cycles) and attendant biologic responses are closer to our direct experience of the living world and should be easier to interpret unequivocally. These small-scale responses are reflected in the fossil record at the scale of local outcrops.


2000 ◽  
Vol 407 ◽  
pp. 105-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUES VANNESTE

The effect of a small-scale topography on large-scale, small-amplitude oceanic motion is analysed using a two-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model that includes free-surface and β effects, Ekman friction and viscous (or turbulent) dissipation. The topography is two-dimensional and periodic; its slope is assumed to be much larger than the ratio of the ocean depth to the Earth's radius. An averaged equation of motion is derived for flows with spatial scales that are much larger than the scale of the topography and either (i) much larger than or (ii) comparable to the radius of deformation. Compared to the standard quasi-geostrophic equation, this averaged equation contains an additional dissipative term that results from the interaction between topography and dissipation. In case (i) this term simply represents an additional Ekman friction, whereas in case (ii) it is given by an integral over the history of the large-scale flow. The properties of the additional term are studied in detail. For case (i) in particular, numerical calculations are employed to analyse the dependence of the additional Ekman friction on the structure of the topography and on the strength of the original dissipation mechanisms.


Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Reed ◽  
Anthony Campbell ◽  
Mike George ◽  
Deniz Leuenberger ◽  
John McCarty

Environmental collaborative governance arrangements have the potential to build social capital, leading to long-term cooperation among parties with a history of conflict over water use, in particular in irrigation, hydropower production and riverine wildlife habitat. Previous research on social capital in the context of collaborative governance has emphasized small-scale grassroots initiatives where actors hold common membership in civic associations. This study explores a large-scale policy level collaborative arrangement as a case of collective action facilitated by elements of social capital, with a special emphasis on the concept of the institution as social capital. The Platte River Recovery Implementation Program is the basis for initial findings that social capital formation and cooperative implementation of innovative approaches to water policy can occur at both the local action and large-scale policy levels of collaboration.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document