A Brief History of Locomotive Feed Water Treatment on the London Midland Region of British Railways

1957 ◽  
Vol 47 (257) ◽  
pp. 251-293
Author(s):  
J. S. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
History Of

Embankment on sludge: predicted and observed performances

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien H Wu ◽  
Steven Z Zhou ◽  
Stephan M Gale
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Bayesian Updating ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Water Treatment Sludge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Finite Element Prediction ◽  
Test Embankment

The case history of an embankment built over soft water-treatment sludge is presented. To assure that the sludge would consolidate and gain strength as predicted, a test embankment was built. The observed performance of the test embankment was compared with the predicted performance to verify and modify design assumptions. The results were used to design and construct the full-scale embankment. The finite element method and the critical state model were used to predict the performances of the test embankment and the full-scale embankment. Bayesian updating and system identification were used to update the material properties used in the prediction for the test embankment. The updated properties were then used to update the prediction for the test embankment and to predict the performance of the full-scale embankment. These predictions were compared with the observed performances to evaluate the accuracies of the predictions with different input data. Efforts were made to identify factors that cause differences between predicted and measured performances.Key words: Bayesian updating, consolidation, finite-element prediction, shear strength, stability, water-treatment sludge.

scholarly journals Treatment Method Assessment of the Impact on the Corrosivity and Aggressiveness for the Boiler Feed Water

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skoczko ◽  
Szatyłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Water ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Exchange Cation ◽  
Boiler Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Boiler Feed Water

The aim of the study was the assessment of corrosivity and aggressiveness for boiler feed water. The negative effects of water corrosivity and aggressiveness may include silting up of the steel water supply system and the destruction of boiler equipment touched or washed by such water. They may cause the whole industrial production system to fail or be destroyed. That is why it was important to reach a high water purification level, including the calculation of water aggressiveness and corrosivity indicators. The carried out test showed that the simple system used before the modernization of the industrial water treatment plant is not sufficient to reach clean and stable water. The authors proposed modernization, including additional processes to improve boiler water quality, and designed new devices for water treatment. As a result of the new idea, groundwater taken as raw water was treated in individual and complex processes, such as pre-aeration, filtration, ion exchange (cation and anion exchange resigns), extra aeration, and extra degassing. The conducted research included chemical analyses of raw and treated water. In the conducted studies, the indirect method of water aggressiveness and corrosivity assessment was applied using mathematical calculation of the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), the Ryznar Stability Index (RI), the Larson–Skold Index (LI), and the Singley Index (SI). The results proved that the new proposed processes for the boiler feed water treatment station allow reaching a high water quality and low level of water aggressiveness and corrosion.

Refurbishment of Secondary System and High AVT Water Treatment of Genkai #1 and #2

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Manabe ◽  
Yasuhiko Shoda ◽  
Tatsushi Yamamura ◽  
Yuuichirou Kusumoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Secondary System ◽  
Blow Down ◽  
Scale Adhesion ◽  
Commercial Operation

Kyushu electric co. Genkai #1 and #2 are twin 500 Mw class first generation PWR power stations starting their commercial operation in 1975–1981. The units were recently altered their secondary water treatment from AVT to HAVT (High All Volatile Treatment) operation aiming to suppress erosion in piping and equipment, resulting in feed water iron concentration reduction to around 1 ppb as indication of the effects. The units had been successfully operated from the start of their commercial operation except for scale adhesion to SG and others, degradation of copper alloy material tubes in auxiliary heat exchangers and lower condenser vacuum derived from protective ferrous sulfate coating. Life cycle management program was implemented resulting in the alteration of water treatment to HAVT adopting the SG blow down demineralizing and the replacement of copper alloy tube heat exchangers to stainless steel and titan tubes. Further more the examination results were introduced, of the scale adhesion mechanism in the high temperature region of the secondary system based on actual plants iron characterization data and field examination results of HAVT of Genkai units, expecting HAVT application would be effective for the scale adhesion reduction.

Fate of steroid hormone micropollutant estradiol in a hybrid magnetic ion exchange resin-nanofiltration process

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Alessandra Imbrogno ◽  
Prantik Samanta ◽  
Andrea I. Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Magnetic Ion

Environmental contextContamination of surface water by micropollutants is a major environmental concern because of their high persistence and toxicity. Micropollutants are only partially removed in nanofiltration water treatment systems, encouraging the investigation of more complex systems involving partitioning with membrane materials, organic matter and ion exchange resins. This study elucidates the micropollutant partitioning mechanisms in this complex water treatment system. AbstractThe accumulation of micropollutants, such as steroid hormones, in magnetic ion exchange resin-nanofiltration (MIEX-NF) poses a risk to the environmental contamination of surface water where the treated water is discharged. In this study, the partitioning of the steroid hormone estradiol (E2) with humic acid (HA), MIEX and the membrane is investigated at different feed water conditions (e.g. pH and presence of calcium). The transport and adsorption of E2 in NF is not affected significantly by the E2-HA interaction. Indeed, E2 partitions with HA between 8% and 25% at different pH. This is attributed to the presence of calcium ions, which reduces the number of HA molecules available to interact with E2 molecules. The calcium interference is evident especially at pH>10, where calcite and HA precipitate to result in irreversible membrane fouling. In the hybrid MIEX-NF process, the E2-MIEX interaction occurs at all pH conditions. Approximately 40% of the E2 total mass partitions with MIEX. This is significantly higher than E2 accumulation in NF. Since the partitioning is at least partially reversible, this poses a risk for accidental E2 release into the process streams.

Nanofiltration membrane fouling by conventionally treated surface water

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
R. Liikanen ◽  
H. Kiuru ◽  
T. Tuhkanen ◽  
M. Nyström
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Water Constituents ◽  
Filtration Unit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Water

Nanofiltration is a very effective technique for improving the removal of trace organics after a conventional chemical water treatment train. However, the fouling of the membranes decreases the applicability of the process, and thus, an understanding and control of membrane fouling are crucial for a more widespread use of nanofiltration in water treatment. The fouling of different nanofiltration membranes by pre-treated surface waters was investigated in a laboratory-scale filtration unit in this study. The results indicate that the traditional chemical treatment does not remove membrane foulants from the surface water. No correlation was found between the feed water constituents and nanofiltration performance, but most feed water components are expected to interact in membrane fouling. Actually, the performance of the nanofiltration process was more related to membrane than to feed water characteristics.

High performance RO membranes for desalination and wastewater reclamation and their operation results

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 2134-2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Henmi ◽  
Y. Fusaoka ◽  
H. Tomioka ◽  
M. Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Ro Membrane

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is one of the most powerful tools for solving the global water crisis, and is used in a variety of water treatment scenes such as drinking water purification, waste-water treatment, boiler feed water production, ultra pure water production for semiconductor industry, etc. The desired performance of RO membrane varies according to quality of feed water being treated, and Toray has been developing RO membranes with suitable characteristic for each operating condition. RO membranes for seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation are especially regarded as most promising targets. Recently, high boron removal and energy saving RO membrane for seawater desalination and low fouling RO membrane for wastewater reclamation have been developed. In this paper, the prospect of attaining these renovative RO membrane, and furthermore, job references will be discussed.

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